Ch. 2 Metabolism Flashcards
It encompasses the sum of chemical reactions in living organisms.
Metabolism
Compounds participating in metabolic reactions (active players).
Metabolites
A sequence of reactions where the product of one becomes the reactant of the next.
Metabolic pathway
Represents the difference between values at final and initial states.
Delta ∆
Energy transferred during a reaction. (The formation of molecules)
Enthalpy Change (∆H)
Change measures the disorder or randomness in a system. (MORE FAVORABLE)
Entropy Change (∆S)
∆G combines ∆H and ∆S: ∆G=∆H-T∆S
Free-Energy Change
T measures _______ (measured in degrees Kelvin)
Absolute Temperature
The decrease in enthalpy combined with the increase in entropy/ Breaking down molecules to release energy. (MOST FAVORABLE)
Exergonic Reactions (∆G<0)
The increase in enthalpy combined with the decrease in entropy/Building up molecules using energy.
Endergonic Reactions (∆G>0)
Free energy of products equals that of reactants.(DYNAMIC)
Equilibrium Reactions (∆G=0)
∆G + RT In([B]/[A])
Equation for ∆G
Energy change that occurs when all the substances involved are at a concentration of 1 mol x L^-1.
∆G (Delta G naught) Standard free-energy change
Plays a role in converting temperature into energy units.
R (Gas Constant)
In
Natural Logarithm
Ratio of molar concentrations.
[products B]/[reactants A]
One _____ is the energy needed to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water by one degree celsius.
Kilocalorie (kcal)
Energy currency of the cell.
Adenosine Triphosphate - ATP
Involves breaking down molecules or compounds into smaller atoms, ions, or molecules (AB -> A+B exergonic nature)
Decomposition Reaction
Two or more components come together to create a larger molecule (A+B -> AB endergonic nature)
Synthesis Reaction
ATP’s high energy content resides in ____.
Phosphoanhydride linkages (high energy bonds)
Involves the breakdown of biomolecules into smaller units (oxidation of metabolites).
Catabolism
Two purposes of catabolism.
- Provides raw material for anabolism
- Releasing energy (fuels ATP synthesis)
____ means building larger molecules is essential for bodily functions (reduction of metabolites).
Anabolism
ATP is broken down into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi), a significant amount of energy is released.
ATP Hydrolysis
Energy is provided from breaking the bonds contained in compounds such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
ATP Resynthesis
When a substance loses electrons.
Oxidation
When a substance gains electrons.
Reduction
OIL RIG
Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain
Oxidizing agents _______. What are the 2 oxidants?
Gain hydrogens, NAD+, FAD+
Reducing agents ______. What are the 2 reductants?
Donate hydrogens, NADH, FADH
Large molecules broken down into smaller components.
Stage 1 of Catabolism
Conversion of smaller molecules to acetyl coenzyme A.
Stage 2 of Catabolism
Oxidation of acetyl group to carbon dioxide & ATP synthesis.
Stage 3 of Catabolism
Give 2 examples of why Catabolism is important for exercise.
- Muscle activity demands ATP
- ATP synthesis occurs through catabolic pathways.
Energy yielding nutrients
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
How many adenosine molecules are there?
3
