Ch1 mental illness and health Flashcards
The immediate response of the general adaptation syndrome (fight or flight)
Hypothalamus stimulates the SNS. Results in: release of norepinephrine and epinephrine into the bloodstream/ lipolysis occurs in fat cells/ bladder muscle contracts and the sphincter relaxes there is increased ureter motility/ secretion from the lacrimal glands is increased (tears)/ decrease glycogen synthesis & increase glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (in liver)/ bronchioles dilate and respiratory rate increases/sweat gland secretions increase
What determines mental illness?
Incomprehensibility and cultural relativity
The sustained response of the Gen. adaptation syndrome
The hypothalamus stimulates the Pituitary gland to release the hormones adrenocorticotropic hormone, vasopressin, growth hormone, thyrotropic, Gonadotropins. What do each do? (Pg 5)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem and esteem of others, self actualization
True or false: Family will try to “normalize” behavior and try to find an explanation
True
True or false: individuals of higher economic class usually display the highest amount of mental illness symptoms
False. Individuals of the lowest social economic class usually display the highest amount
True or false: the higher the social class, the greater the recognition of mental illness behaviors
True
True or false: Christians and more likely to seek psychiatric assistance than are people who are Catholic or Jewish
False. Jewish people are more likely to seek psychiatric assistance
Are men or women more likely to recognize the symptoms of mental illness and seek assistance?
Women are
Fight or flight stages
- Alarm reaction stage: The responses of the fight or flight syndrome are initiated
- Stage of resistance: individual uses responses of the first stage to attempt to adapt to the stressor. If adaptation occurs the third stage is avoided. Physiological symptoms may disappear.
- Stage of exhaustion: adaptive energy is depleted. Diseases of adaptation (headaches, mental disorders) may occur.
Anxiety is fear of
The unknown
Anxiety becomes a problem when the individual is unable to
when the individual is unable to prevent the anxiety from escalating to a level that interferes with the ability to meet basic needs
Mild anxiety
Seldom a problem. Prepares people for actions and promotes optimal level of oneself. It sharpens the senses, increases motivation for productivity, increases the perceptual field, and results in heightened awareness. Learning is enhanced.
Moderate anxiety
Perceptual field starts to diminish. Individual is LESS ALERT to events occurring. ATTENTION SPAN AND CONCENTRATION DECREASE. With direction/assistance can still attend needs. MUSCULAR TENSION AND RESTLESSNESS
Severe Anxiety
One detail centered or many extraneous ones. Difficulty with simplest tasks. Physical and emotional symptoms may be evident (headaches, palpitations, confusion, horror). Discomfort causes all behavior to be aimed at relieving this anxiety.
Panic Anxiety
Cannot focus on any detail!! LOSS OF CONTACT WITH REALITY may occur. HALLUCINATIONS AND DELUSIONS. Can lead to exhaustion!!! Feeling of terror!
Coping mechanisms (e.g. Sleeping, pacing, crying, exercising) are used in what level of anxiety
Mild anxiety
Mild to Moderate defenses
Ego defenses mechanisms (denial, displacement)
Moderate to severe anxiety defense
Psychophysiological responses. (The unresolved anxiety can lead to a number of physiological disorders or delay recovery from)
Severe anxiety defense
Psychoneurotic responses: anxiety disorders, somatic symptom disorders and dissociative disorders
Neurosis is considered a _____ and no longer a _____.
Symptom. Mental disorder.
Neurosis
Symptom of severe anxiety.
Person is AWARE of the distress and their maladaptive behaviors.
NO LOSS OF CONTACT WITH REALITY.
Can be expressed directly or through defense mechanisms.
They are unaware of possible psychological causes!
Panic Anxiety defense
Psychotic responses.
Psychosis
UNAWARE that their behavior is maladaptive and of any psychological problems.
FLIGHT FROM REALITY!
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech
Flat, bland or inappropriate emotional tone
Ex- schizophrenia, delusional disorders
Displacement
Ego defense mechanism: The transfer of feelings from one target to another that is considered less threatening or that is neutral
Rationalization
Attempting to MAKE EXCUSES to justify unacceptable feelings or behaviors : “I drink because it’s the only way I can deal with my bad marriage.”
Reaction formation
Preventing unacceptable or undesirable thoughts or behaviors from being expressed by exaggerating opposite thoughts. Ex/ Bruce dies. “Bruce was a perfect dog!”
Regression
Responding to stress by retreating to an earlier level of development. Ex/ 2yr old hospitalized with tonsillitis drinks only from bottle even though he’s been drinking from a cup for 6 months
Identification
Ego defense mechanism: and attempt to increase self-worth by acquiring certain attributes of an individual one admires
Intellectualization
Ego defense mechanism: an attempt to avoid expressing actual emotions associated with a stressful situation by using the intellectual processes of logic, reasoning, and analysis EX/Susan moves w/ husband far from parents and hides anxiety by explaining to her parents the advantages of moving
Introjection
Ego defense mechanism: integrating the beliefs and values of another individual into one’s own ego structure. EX: children integrate parents’ values
Isolation
Separating a thought or memory from the feeling tone or emotion associated with it. ex: without showing any emotion, a young woman described being attacked and raped
Projection
Attributing feelings or impulses unacceptable to oneself to another person.
Repression
Ego defense mechanism: INVOLUNTARILY blocking unpleasant feelings and experiences from one’s awareness
Sublimation
Ego defense mechanism: rechanneling of drives or impulses that are personally or socially unacceptable into activities that are constructive
Suppression
The VOLUNTARY blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from one’s awareness
Real loss
Death of a loved one, loss of personal possessions
Perceived loss
Loss of the feeling of femininity following a mastectomy
Stages of grief
DAB DA! Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance (in order)
Stage 1 of Grief
Denial: shock and disbelief. Reality of the loss is not acknowledged. Denial is a protective mechanism that allows the individual to cope within an immediate timeframe while organizing more effective defense strategies
Stage 2 of Grief
Anger: envy and resentment toward individuals not affected by the loss. Anger may be directed at self or DISPLACED on loved ones, caregivers, and even God. “Why me?” “It’s not fair!”
Stage 3 of grief
Bargaining: during this stage, a “bargain” is made with God in an attempt to reverse or postpone the loss. sometimes the promise is associated with feelings of guilt for not having performed satisfactorily.
Stage 4 of grief
Depression: full impact of loss is experienced. Feelings of sadness and depression prevail. Disengagement from all association with the loss entity. **This stage differs from pathological depression in that it represents advancement towards resolution!!
Stage 5 of Grief
Acceptance: feeling of peace regarding the loss. The focus is on the reality of the loss.
Resolution of the process of mourning occurs when:
Resolution of the process of mourning is thought to have occurred when an individual can look back on the relationship with the loss entity and except both the pleasures and the disappointments. Preoccupation with the lost entity has been replaced with energy and the desire to pursue new situations and relationships.
Anticipatory grief
When a loss is anticipated, individuals often begin the work of grieving before the actual loss occurs. Sometimes disengaging from the dying person who then may feel rejected.
The Prolonged maladaptive grief response
2Ps: PREOCCUPIED w/memories many years later
- intense emotional PAIN
- behaviors of denial and anger stage
- disorganized functioning
Delayed or inhibited maladaptive grief response
3Ds: fixed in DENIAL stage
- DOESN’T experience emotional pain
- DISORDERS may be present: anxiety disorder::phobias,somatic symptom: and/or sleeping and eating disorders:: insomnia, anorexia
- Cultural influences may expect to keep “stiff upper lip”
Distorted maladaptive grief response
4As: fixed in ANGER stage
- ALL grieving behaviors are exaggerated
- inward ANGER on the self and despair
- unable to do ADLs
- PATHOLOGICAL DEPRESSION!!!
____ & ______ have been identified as the two major, primary responses to stress
Anxiety and grief
Maladaptive brief responses occur when an individual is unable to:
Unable to progress satisfactorily through the stages of grieving to achieve resolution
Anna is diagnosed with major depressive disorder. She is most likely fixed in which stage of the grief process?
Anger stage because her grieving behavior is the distorted maladaptive grief response
