Ch 3 Biological Implications Flashcards
Right hemisphere
“Creative” affect, behavior, and spatial perception
Left hemisphere
Dominant in the most people. Control speech, comprehension, rationality, and logic
Thalamus
Integrates all sensory input except smell
Hypothalamus
Regulate the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland and regulates appetite & temperature. also, controls the actions of the autonomic nervous system.
Limbic system
“Emotional” Brain. Associated with fear and anxiety, anger and aggression, love, joy, and hope, sexuality, and social behavior
Mesencephalon
The midbrain. Includes nuclei and fiber tracts. Responsible for the integration of various reflexes, including visual reflexes (turning a way from a dangerous object when it comes into view), auditory reflexes (automatically turning toward a sound that is heard), and righting reflexes (maintaining balance & keeping head right)
Pons
Contains cranial nerves V through VIII and centers for respiration and skeletal muscle tone
Medulla
Regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration and reflex centers for swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and vomiting. Cranial n IX-XII.
Brainstem
Medulla, pons and midbrain
Cerebellum
Concerned with involuntary movement, such as muscular tone and coordination and the maintenance of posture and equilibrium
Afferent (sensory) neurons
Carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS
Efferent (motor) neurons
Carry impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the periphery.
Interneurons
Make 99% of all n. cells. Serve as pathways between Afferent and efferent neurons. May carry ONLY sensory OR motor impulses. Account in large part for thinking, feeling, learning, language, memory.
The determination of further impulse transmission is accomplished by means of
Nuerotransmitters
A decrease in which neurotransmitters have been implicated in depression?
Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
Increased levels of ______ have been associated with depression
Acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter(s) are involved in impulse transmission within the sympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine
Which neurotransmitter(s) are involved in impulse transmission within the parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine functions
Acetylcholine is implicated in sleep, arousal, pain perception, the modulation and coordination of movement, and memory acquisition and retention
Possible implications for mental illness for acetylcholine
Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Alzheimer’s disease. Increased levels of acetylcholine have been associated with depression.
Norepinephrine is associated with which syndrome?
Fight or flight syndrome. (Epinephrine also associated)
Norepinephrine functions
Norepinephrine may have a role in the regulation of mood, in cognition and perception, in cardiovascular functioning, and in sleep and arousal
Possible implications for mental illness for norepinephrine
Decreased levels in depression and increased levels in mania, anxiety states, and schizophrenia
Dopamine functions
Dopamine is involved in the regulation of movements and coordination, emotions, voluntary decision making ability, and because of its influence on the pituitary gland, it inhibits the release of prolactin
Possible implications for mental illness for dopamine
Decreased levels of dopamine have been implicated for Parkinson’s disease and depression. Increased levels of dopamine are associated with mania and schizophrenia.
Serotonin functions
Serotonin may play a role in sleep and arousal, libido, appetite, mood, aggression, and pain perception
Possible implications for mental illness for serotonin
Increased levels of serotonin have been implicated in schizophrenia and anxiety states. Decreased levels of serotonin have been associated with depression
Histamine function
The exact processes mediated within the CNS are unclear. But histamine does play an allergic and inflammatory reaction.
Possible implications for mental illness for histamine
Some data suggests that histamine may play a role in depressive illness
Name the cholinergic neurotransmitter associated with psychiatry
Acetylcholine
Name the monoamine neurotransmitters associated with psychiatry
Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine
Name the amino acid neurotransmitters associated with psychiatry
GABA, glycine, glutamate
Name the neuropeptide neurotransmitters associated with psychiatry
Endorphins, Enkephalins, Substance P, Somatostatin
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid function
GABA interrupts the progression of the electrical impulse at the synaptic junction, producing a significant slowdown of body activity
Possible implications for mental illness for Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
Decreased levels of GABA have been implicated in the etiology of anxiety disorders; movement disorders, such as Huntington’s disease; and various forms of epilepsy
Glycine function
(Inhibitory amino acid) involved in recurrent inhibition of motor neurons within the spinal cord and is possibly involved in the regulation of spinal and brainstem reflexes
Possible implications for mental illness for glycine
Decreased levels of glycine have been implicated in the pathogenesis of certain types of spastic disorders. Toxic accumulation glycine in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid can result in glycine encephalopathy
Endorphin and Enkephalin function
Pain modulation (natural morphine-like properties)
Possible implications for mental illness for endorphins and Enkephalins
Modulation of dopamine activity by opioid peptides may indicate some link to the symptoms of schizophrenia
Substance P functions
Regulation of pain (thought to play a role in sensory transmission)
Possible implications for mental illness for Substance P
Decrease concentrations have been found in clients with Huntington’s disease
Somatostatin function
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone. Stimulates dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine. Inhibits norepinephrine, histamine, and glutamate. Also ask as a neuromodulator for serotonin
Possible implications for mental illness for somatostatin
High concentrations have been found in clients with Huntington’s disease. Low concentrations have been reported in clients with Alzheimer’s disease.
Huntington’s disease neurotransmitters
High levels of somatostatin. Low levels of Substance P. Low levels of GABA. (Acetylcholine may play a role)
Sensory neurons for external areas of the body, such as skin, skeletal muscles, and joints, are called _____
Somatic
Sensory neurons for receptors in internal organs are called _____
visceral (autonomic nervous system)
The autonomic nervous system is divided into
Sympathetic and parasympathetic components
What two hormones are found in the posterior pituitary
Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone ADH) and oxytocin
ADH- vasopressin main function
To conserve body water and maintain normal blood pressure.
frontal lobes
control voluntary body movement including speaking, thinking, and judgment. connection to limbic system may allow role in emotional experience: fear, aggressiveness, depression, rage, euphoria, irritability, and apathy
parietal lobes
Left side=Language interpretation (L&L). interpret sensations: touch, pain, taste, and body position
temporal lobes
upper anterior is concerned with auditory functions. lower part to short term memory. sense of smell connection. connected to limbic= expression of emotions. Left temporal lobe= Language interpretation.
What lobes are involved with language interpretation?
Left temporal lobe and left parietal lobe
occipital lobe
visual recpetion and interpretation. space/distance
oxytocin main function
stimulates contraction of uterus at the end of pregnancy and releases milk from mammary glands. Released in response to stress and during sexual arousal. may stimulate release of ACTH-adrenocortiotropic hormone
SSRIs
inhibit reuptake of serotonin. This controls anxiety and obsessions. Reduces depression. SIDE EFFECTS: sexual dysfunction
blocking acetylcholine recpetor side effects
dry mouth, urinary retention, blurred vision, constipation
schizophrenia
enlargement in cerebral ventricular size. temporal lobe decreased. reduced celebellar volume. EXCESS of dopamine dependent nueronal activity. Reduced activity of dopamine antagonists.ELEVATED DOPAMINE.
hypothyroidism has been associated with
depression
hyperthyroidism has been associated with
acute mania
panic disorders have elevated
norepinephrine, TSH and prolactin
serotonin may play a role in
OCD
alzheimer’s has diminished:
norepinephrine, and somatostatin. also corticotropin
