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Mental Health Nursing > Ch 3 Biological Implications > Flashcards

Ch 3 Biological Implications Flashcards

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0
Q

Right hemisphere

A

“Creative” affect, behavior, and spatial perception

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1
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Dominant in the most people. Control speech, comprehension, rationality, and logic

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2
Q

Thalamus

A

Integrates all sensory input except smell

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3
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulate the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland and regulates appetite & temperature. also, controls the actions of the autonomic nervous system.

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4
Q

Limbic system

A

“Emotional” Brain. Associated with fear and anxiety, anger and aggression, love, joy, and hope, sexuality, and social behavior

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5
Q

Mesencephalon

A

The midbrain. Includes nuclei and fiber tracts. Responsible for the integration of various reflexes, including visual reflexes (turning a way from a dangerous object when it comes into view), auditory reflexes (automatically turning toward a sound that is heard), and righting reflexes (maintaining balance & keeping head right)

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6
Q

Pons

A

Contains cranial nerves V through VIII and centers for respiration and skeletal muscle tone

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7
Q

Medulla

A

Regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration and reflex centers for swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and vomiting. Cranial n IX-XII.

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8
Q

Brainstem

A

Medulla, pons and midbrain

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9
Q

Cerebellum

A

Concerned with involuntary movement, such as muscular tone and coordination and the maintenance of posture and equilibrium

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10
Q

Afferent (sensory) neurons

A

Carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS

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11
Q

Efferent (motor) neurons

A

Carry impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the periphery.

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12
Q

Interneurons

A

Make 99% of all n. cells. Serve as pathways between Afferent and efferent neurons. May carry ONLY sensory OR motor impulses. Account in large part for thinking, feeling, learning, language, memory.

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13
Q

The determination of further impulse transmission is accomplished by means of

A

Nuerotransmitters

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14
Q

A decrease in which neurotransmitters have been implicated in depression?

A

Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

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15
Q

Increased levels of ______ have been associated with depression

A

Acetylcholine

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16
Q

Which neurotransmitter(s) are involved in impulse transmission within the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine

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17
Q

Which neurotransmitter(s) are involved in impulse transmission within the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

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18
Q

Acetylcholine functions

A

Acetylcholine is implicated in sleep, arousal, pain perception, the modulation and coordination of movement, and memory acquisition and retention

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19
Q

Possible implications for mental illness for acetylcholine

A

Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Alzheimer’s disease. Increased levels of acetylcholine have been associated with depression.

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20
Q

Norepinephrine is associated with which syndrome?

A

Fight or flight syndrome. (Epinephrine also associated)

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21
Q

Norepinephrine functions

A

Norepinephrine may have a role in the regulation of mood, in cognition and perception, in cardiovascular functioning, and in sleep and arousal

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22
Q

Possible implications for mental illness for norepinephrine

A

Decreased levels in depression and increased levels in mania, anxiety states, and schizophrenia

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23
Q

Dopamine functions

A

Dopamine is involved in the regulation of movements and coordination, emotions, voluntary decision making ability, and because of its influence on the pituitary gland, it inhibits the release of prolactin

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24
Q

Possible implications for mental illness for dopamine

A

Decreased levels of dopamine have been implicated for Parkinson’s disease and depression. Increased levels of dopamine are associated with mania and schizophrenia.

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25
Q

Serotonin functions

A

Serotonin may play a role in sleep and arousal, libido, appetite, mood, aggression, and pain perception

26
Q

Possible implications for mental illness for serotonin

A

Increased levels of serotonin have been implicated in schizophrenia and anxiety states. Decreased levels of serotonin have been associated with depression

27
Q

Histamine function

A

The exact processes mediated within the CNS are unclear. But histamine does play an allergic and inflammatory reaction.

28
Q

Possible implications for mental illness for histamine

A

Some data suggests that histamine may play a role in depressive illness

29
Q

Name the cholinergic neurotransmitter associated with psychiatry

A

Acetylcholine

30
Q

Name the monoamine neurotransmitters associated with psychiatry

A

Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine

31
Q

Name the amino acid neurotransmitters associated with psychiatry

A

GABA, glycine, glutamate

32
Q

Name the neuropeptide neurotransmitters associated with psychiatry

A

Endorphins, Enkephalins, Substance P, Somatostatin

33
Q

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid function

A

GABA interrupts the progression of the electrical impulse at the synaptic junction, producing a significant slowdown of body activity

34
Q

Possible implications for mental illness for Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

A

Decreased levels of GABA have been implicated in the etiology of anxiety disorders; movement disorders, such as Huntington’s disease; and various forms of epilepsy

35
Q

Glycine function

A

(Inhibitory amino acid) involved in recurrent inhibition of motor neurons within the spinal cord and is possibly involved in the regulation of spinal and brainstem reflexes

36
Q

Possible implications for mental illness for glycine

A

Decreased levels of glycine have been implicated in the pathogenesis of certain types of spastic disorders. Toxic accumulation glycine in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid can result in glycine encephalopathy

37
Q

Endorphin and Enkephalin function

A

Pain modulation (natural morphine-like properties)

38
Q

Possible implications for mental illness for endorphins and Enkephalins

A

Modulation of dopamine activity by opioid peptides may indicate some link to the symptoms of schizophrenia

39
Q

Substance P functions

A

Regulation of pain (thought to play a role in sensory transmission)

40
Q

Possible implications for mental illness for Substance P

A

Decrease concentrations have been found in clients with Huntington’s disease

41
Q

Somatostatin function

A

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone. Stimulates dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine. Inhibits norepinephrine, histamine, and glutamate. Also ask as a neuromodulator for serotonin

42
Q

Possible implications for mental illness for somatostatin

A

High concentrations have been found in clients with Huntington’s disease. Low concentrations have been reported in clients with Alzheimer’s disease.

43
Q

Huntington’s disease neurotransmitters

A

High levels of somatostatin. Low levels of Substance P. Low levels of GABA. (Acetylcholine may play a role)

44
Q

Sensory neurons for external areas of the body, such as skin, skeletal muscles, and joints, are called _____

A

Somatic

45
Q

Sensory neurons for receptors in internal organs are called _____

A

visceral (autonomic nervous system)

46
Q

The autonomic nervous system is divided into

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic components

47
Q

What two hormones are found in the posterior pituitary

A

Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone ADH) and oxytocin

48
Q

ADH- vasopressin main function

A

To conserve body water and maintain normal blood pressure.

49
Q

frontal lobes

A

control voluntary body movement including speaking, thinking, and judgment. connection to limbic system may allow role in emotional experience: fear, aggressiveness, depression, rage, euphoria, irritability, and apathy

50
Q

parietal lobes

A

Left side=Language interpretation (L&L). interpret sensations: touch, pain, taste, and body position

51
Q

temporal lobes

A

upper anterior is concerned with auditory functions. lower part to short term memory. sense of smell connection. connected to limbic= expression of emotions. Left temporal lobe= Language interpretation.

52
Q

What lobes are involved with language interpretation?

A

Left temporal lobe and left parietal lobe

53
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual recpetion and interpretation. space/distance

54
Q

oxytocin main function

A

stimulates contraction of uterus at the end of pregnancy and releases milk from mammary glands. Released in response to stress and during sexual arousal. may stimulate release of ACTH-adrenocortiotropic hormone

55
Q

SSRIs

A

inhibit reuptake of serotonin. This controls anxiety and obsessions. Reduces depression. SIDE EFFECTS: sexual dysfunction

56
Q

blocking acetylcholine recpetor side effects

A

dry mouth, urinary retention, blurred vision, constipation

57
Q

schizophrenia

A

enlargement in cerebral ventricular size. temporal lobe decreased. reduced celebellar volume. EXCESS of dopamine dependent nueronal activity. Reduced activity of dopamine antagonists.ELEVATED DOPAMINE.

58
Q

hypothyroidism has been associated with

A

depression

59
Q

hyperthyroidism has been associated with

A

acute mania

60
Q

panic disorders have elevated

A

norepinephrine, TSH and prolactin

61
Q

serotonin may play a role in

A

OCD

62
Q

alzheimer’s has diminished:

A

norepinephrine, and somatostatin. also corticotropin

Mental Health Nursing (12 decks)

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