Ch1 Human Body Orientation Flashcards
Anatomy
Study of structure
Thoracic Cavity
know location
Cranial Cavity
know location
Abdominal Cavity
know location
Vertebral Cavity
know location
Muscular system
causes mechanical motion
Nervous system
responds to environmental changes by transmitting electrical impulses
Skeletal System
provides support and levers for muscles to pull
Integumentary system
protects underlying organs from environmental damages and synthesizes vitamin D
Endocrine System
controls the body with chemical molecules called hormones
cardiovascular system
delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
Immune system
produces antibodies that attach to foreign substances
lymphatic system
removes and filters excess fluid from tissues
Negative feedback
reducing the output or activity of any organ
Positive feedback
enhances or exaggerates original stimulus
Imaging is useful in discovering obstructed blood supplies in organs and tissues
True
The anatomical position means the body is standing at attention with the palms facing forward
and the thumbs pointing away from the body.
True
The elbow is proximal to the shoulder.
false
The part of the serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity wall is called visceral
peritoneum.
false
A major function of serous membranes is to decrease friction.
true
The right hypochondriac region contains the majority of the stomach.
false
Lungs carry out an excretory function
true
Embryology concerns the structural changes that occur in an individual from conception
through old age
false
A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function.
true
It is important for any organism to maintain its boundaries, so that its internal environment
remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it.
true
Without some sort of negative feedback mechanism, it would be impossible to keep our body
chemistry in balance.
true
Responsiveness or irritability is the ability to sense changes in the environment and then
respond to them.
true
The epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region.
true
Tissues
similiar cells that have a common function
What does the “principle of complementarity of structures and function” mean?
“structure determines function.”
term that describes back of elbow
olecranal
term that describes neck region
cervical
the heart is ______ to the arm
medial
The ________ cavity contains tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the organ of
hearing in the inner ear.
middle ear
________ is explained by chemical and physical principles and is concerned with the function
of specific organs or organic systems.
physiology
What is a dynamic equilibrium of your internal environment termed?
homeostasis
Which cavity contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum?
pelvic
What is the serous membrane that covers the intestines called?
visceral peritoneum
________ physiology concerns urine production and kidney function.
renal
What broad term covers all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells?
metabolism
What is the function of the serous membranes?
They act to reduce friction and allow the organs to slide across cavity walls.
Fully describe the anatomical position for the human body.
The body is erect, arms hanging at the sides, palms forward, and thumbs pointed away
from the midline.
What does gross anatomy study?
Larger structures of the body that can be seen with the naked eye.
Can lungs carry out excretory functions? Explain your answer.
Yes, carbon dioxide is a metabolic waste the lungs excrete.
The higher we go in the mountains, the greater the atmospheric pressure, resulting in an
increase in available oxygen. Comment on this statement
At high altitudes, the atmospheric pressure is less than at lower levels resulting in a
decrease in oxygen levels. The lower oxygen levels may be inadequate to support cellular
metabolism
Why is anatomical terminology necessary?
yes, Anatomical terms are precise words that have limited usage, which prevents confusion
when describing the location of body parts.
The five unique cavities of the head are cranial, oral, nasal, middle ear, and ________.
orbital
The ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them is called ________.
responsiveness or excitability
What is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body?
water
Why must a normal body temperature be maintained in order for chemical reactions to be
continued at life-sustaining rates?
If body temperature is too low, chemical reactions slow and eventually stop. If body
temperature is too high, chemical reactions speed up and body proteins lose their normal shape,
resulting in loss of function
What is the pathway between the receptor and the control center in the reflex pathway
called?
afferent pathway
What type of homeostatic feedback reflex is the withdrawal reflex?
negative
Why are the abdominopelvic cavity organs the most vulnerable to blunt deceleration in an
automobile accident with seat belts?
The walls of the abdominal cavity are formed only by trunk muscles and are not
reinforced by bone. The pelvic organs receive a somewhat greater degree of protection from the
bony pelvis.
What is the goal of all of the negative feedback mechanisms of the body?
The goal is to prevent sudden severe changes within the body.
Which feedback mechanism causes the variable to deviate further and further from its
original value or range?
positive feedback
What can happen when the usual negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed and
destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over?
Homeostatic imbalances increase our risk for illness and produce the changes we associate with aging.
Which body system would be most affected by a lower than normal atmospheric pressure?
respiratory system
