CH 4 Flashcards
Primary Tissues
Epithelial- cover
connective- support
muscle- produce movement
nerve- controls
epithelial functions
protect absorb filtration excretion secretion sensory
Epithelial characteristics
polarity specialized contact support by connective tissue avascular, innervate regenerate
cells have polarity
apical surface
basal surface
microvilli
fingerlike, increase surface area
basal lamina
underside of epithelial layer
specialized contact
bind adjacent cells:
Tight junction and desmosomes
connective tissue support
reticular lamina- under basal lamina and network of collagen fibers
basement membrane- basal + reticular lamina
resist stretching and tearing
avascular but innervated
no blood vessels, nourished by underlying connective tissue
supplied by nerve fibers
regeneration
stimulate by loss of apical-basal polarity and lateral contact
adequate nutrition can replace lost cell by cell division
simple epithelia
absorb, secrete, filtrate, very thin
simple squamous
(secrete) allow material to pass through diffusion.
found in rapid diffusion prioritizes
(kidney, lungs)
endothelium- lines lymph, blood vessels and heart
mesothelium- epithelium of serous membrane in ventral body cavity
simple cuboidal
secretion and absorption
kidney tubule
simple columnar
absorption and secretion of mucus and enzymes by cilia
digestive tracht, gall bladder, stomach to rectum
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
single layer, nucleus at different levels
Secrete substances particularly mucus, propulsion by ciliary.
most of upper respiratory tracht
stratified epithelial tissue
2 or more layers, regenerate from below, protection is major role
stratified squamous
surface cells have keratin and dead, basal cells are active produce more cells
protects against abrasion
epidermis, esophagus, vagina
stratified cuboidal
rare, found in sweat and mammary, 2 cell layers thick
stratified columnar
protection and secretion
male urethra and some in large glands
basal cells cuboidal superficial columnar
transitional epithelium
change shape and stretch, forms hollow urinary organs
gland
cells that make and secrete aqueous fluid called secretion
classified by endocrine or exocrine
ductless gland
secretion not released in duct
endocrine
secrete hormone through lymph or blood
exocrine
secretes to body surface
sweat, oil, saliva
unicellular exocrine gland
mucous and goblet cells
produce mucin, in water becomes mucous
multicellular gland
simple or compound gland, branched or unbranched
tubular, alveolar, tubuloalveolar
secrete: Merocrine - exocytosis- sweat
holocrine- accumulate then rupture
apocrine- accumulates but only apex ruptures
connective tissue
made up off: ground substance, fibers, cells
function: bind and support, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel, transporting substance
connective tissue characteristic
mesenchyme embryonic tissue
varying vascularity
extracellular matrix- nonliving
ground substance
unstructured materials between cells, medium for solutes to diffuse between blood capillary and cells.
fibers
collagen- strongest most abundant, strength
elastic fiber- elastin fiber that allow for stretch and recoil
reticular- short, branched collagen fiber
blast cell
immature, secrete ground substance and fiber
types of blasts
fibroblast- connective tissue proper
chondroblast- cartilage
osteoblast-bone
cyte cell
mature cell, maintain matrix
type of cytes
chondrocytes- cartilage
osteocyte- bones
other connective tissue cell
fat- storage
white blood- tissue injury
mast- inflammatory response against foreign microorganism
macrophage- phagocyte that eat dead cells, microorganism
connective tissue proper
loose connective- areolar, adipose, reticular
dense connective- dense, irregular, elastic
areolar
gel matrix, wraps and cushions
adipocyte
reserve fuel,
reticular
support free blood cell in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow.
loose connective tissue
network of reticular fiber, forms soft internal skeleton (stroma) that support other cells
dense regular
primarily collagen made of fibroblast, attach to muscle or bone
tendons and ligaments
dense irregular
irregular collagen fiber arrangement, withstand tension exerted in all directions
elastic connective tissue
dense regular connective tissue contain elastic fiber, allow recoil after stretching
(walls of arteries)
hyaline cartilage
firm matrix, collagen fiber form imperceptible network
support and reinforce as cushion
forms most of embryonic skeleton
elastic cartilage
similair to hyaline but more elastic fiber
maintains structure while allowing flexibility
ear
fibrocartilage
thick collagen fibers, tenseness allows for absorbing shock.
intervertebral disks
bone
calcified matrix, contains collagen fiber
support and protects
blood
atypical connective tissue
transport
muscle tissue
responsible for movement, highly vascularized
types of muscle tissue
skeletal- voluntary, found in skeletal
cardiac- found in walls of heart, involuntary
smooth- walls of hollow organ except heart, involuntary
nervous tissue
branching cells, extend from nucleus
transmit electrical signals
lining membrane
cutaneous
mucous
serous
cutaneous membrane
skin- keratinized epidermis attached to thick connective tissue
mucous membrane
line body cavity that is open to exterior
serous membrane
line body cavity that are closed to closed to exterior
closed ventral body cavity
tissue repair
regeneration- same tissue replace old tissue original function restored
fibrosis- connective tissue replaces old tissue
original function lost
step in tissue repair
inflammation
organization restores blood supply
regeneration
