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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. > Ch1-3 > Flashcards

Ch1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy?

A

The study of vertebrates from an anatomical, Morphological, and evolutionary POV.

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2
Q

What is Morphology?

A

The study of the structure of organisms and their interactions between each other.

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3
Q

The study of how an organism grows- Usually related to an evolutionary aspect.

A

Ontogeny.

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4
Q

“Old-Saying” meaning you can observe evolution by investigating the developmental change and phases and organism goes through.

A

“Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”
Not a 100% true statement but very helpful to investigating phylogeny.

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5
Q

Theory describing evolutionary relationships between organisms.
“The Study of evolutionary relationships.”

A

Phylogeny.

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6
Q

Gives birth to live young developed within the parent organism:

A

Viviparous

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7
Q

Produces young by laying eggs that then hatch outside the parent.

A

Oviparous.

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8
Q

The Mammoth and elephant are two different species that are expected to have come from a common ancestor, what is this an example of?

A

Divergent evolution.
Diverged from a common ancestor.

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9
Q

Koalas and humans both have unique fingerprints. We do not share a common ancestor, what is this an example of?

A

Convergent evolution.
Similar traits without shared ancestry.

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10
Q

8 Taxonomic ranks from most broad to specific

A

-Domain
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Family
-Genus
-Species.

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11
Q

What are the four/ five characteristics of chordates?
What does this mean?

A

-Notochard.
-Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord.
-Endostyle.
-Post anal tail.
-Pharyngeal slits.
All Chordates will posses these traits at some point within their life/ development even if not all at the same time.

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12
Q

What are the two closest relative phylums to chordates?

A

-Echinoderms
-Hemichordates

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13
Q

Two defining characteristics of echinoderms?

A

-5 sided radial symmetry
-Water vascular system.
(Use seawater instead of blood in a hydraulics fashion.)
EX: Sea stars and sea urchins.

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14
Q

4 characteristics of Hemichordata:

A

-Stomochord (like a rudimentary notochord.)
-“worm-like” body
-Dorsal nerve cord (sometimes hollow)
-Epidermal nervous system
EX: Acorn worms.

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15
Q

What are the 3 subphyla or chordata?

A
  • Urochordata
  • Cephalochordata
  • Vertebrata
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16
Q

Marine invertebrate chordates that do not retain all chordate traits at once and generally only keep the pharyngeal slits and endostyle?

A

Urochordata
EX: Tunicates or sea squirts.

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17
Q

Marine invertebrate chordates that have all 5 chordate traits throughout their life and are commonly used in diagrams because of this?

A

Cephalochordata
EX: Lancelets/ Amphioxus.

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18
Q

What is the notochord?

A

A rod like structure made of a “cartilage-like” substance “rudimentary backbone”

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19
Q

What is the endostyle?

A

Ciliated Organ in invertebrate chordates that assists in filter feeding by secreting mucoid proteins.
This corresponds to the thyroid in most vertebrates.

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20
Q

Function of pharyngeal slits?

A

Respiration, & filter feeding- mostly in tunicates.

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21
Q

What is the first skeletal structure to develop within chordate embryo?
What is it’s placement?

A

Notochord: Dorsal to digestive tube and ventral to nerve cord. This will induce how the nerve cord forms.

22
Q

What two classes of animals in chordata completely lose the notochord into adulthood?

A

Reptiles and birds.

23
Q

What happens to the notochord in development of mammals?

A

It becomes part of the intervertebral discs. The nucleus pulposus.

24
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus?

A

Gelatin middle layer of vertebral discs and what remains of the notochord.

25
Q

What is the Annulis fibrosis?

A

The outer layer of vertebral discs made of fibrocartilage.

26
Q

Strong, tough, and inflexible cartilage made of thick collagen fibers.

A

Fibrocartilage.

27
Q

Are chordates the only phylum to possess a nerve chord?

A

No, however only chordata has a dorsal hollow nerve chord, while other nerve chords are likely to be ventral, such as arthropods and annelids.

28
Q

The disc between the amniotic and yolk sac that will become the fetus within the amniotic sac.
What are it’s layers?

A

The Trilaminar disc. It’s layers are the ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm. These three layers define a triploblastic organism.

29
Q

What is the process of neurulation?

A

This is one of the earliest steps in nervous system development where the cells in the dorsal neuroectoderm above the notochord go through rapid mitosis and form a concave neural groove that eventually closes up into the neural tube.

30
Q

Name this Process

Shown in Transverse plane!

A

Neurulation W/ Neural groove.

31
Q

What is something the occurs at the same time as neurulation which leads to the ball of cells looking like a fetus within the amniotic sac?

A

Embryonic folding

Saggital Vs. Transverse planes.

32
Q

What is the Pre-structure before the neural tube?

A

Neural groove.

33
Q

Which organisms neurulate differently and what is different?

A

Agnathans & Neopterygians.
They will form a neural keel instead that will then form the Neurocoel and detach from the dorsal ectoderm creating the hollow dorsal nerve.

34
Q

What is the neural keel?

A

The wedge shaped structure made from ectodermal cells that will differentiate into the hollow nerve cord. A different neurulation process used by Agnathans & Neopterygians.

35
Q

What is this process?

A

Neurulation W/ Keel.

36
Q

What is unique to vertebrata?

A

They will always have a distinguishable head, trunk, and Tail.

37
Q

What are vertebrate tetrapods, what is something they possess?

A

An organism with four feet/ limbs.
They will a possess a neck.

38
Q

Developmental processes resulting in formation of the head?

A

Cranialization or cephalization.

39
Q

What are jawed vertebrates called?

A

Gnathostomata.

40
Q

What will the head contain in vertebrates (4)?

A

The brain, specialized organs, +/- jaws (Gnathostomata.), +/- gills.

41
Q

What are agnathans and why are they in vertebrata?

A

Jawless fish. They still have a well defined head have sort of rudimentary vertebrae made of cartilige, or could be able to form vertebrae.
They are known to be the earliest vertebrates.

42
Q

What is the central region of the body called?

A

The trunk.

43
Q

What is the coelom?
What is made from?
What surrounds the coelom?

A

A structure (usually embryonic) that is a fluid filled cavity that will go on to house visceral organs.
The coelom is formed by the mesoderm and surrounded by the body wall (vertebra, ribs, and somatic muscles.)

44
Q

What is something terrestrial vertebrates started to possess in early evolution?

A

Neck.

45
Q

What are the two groups of symmetry in animals, which is specific to vertebrates?

A

Radial and bilateral.
Bilateral in vertebrates.

46
Q

Which Body Plane?

A

Transverse

Separates Cranial and Caudal parts.

47
Q

Which Body Plane?

A

Dorsal plane
or, Frontal Plane
& Coronal plane in humans.

Separates ventral and dorsal regions, posterior and anterior in humans.

48
Q

Which Body Plane?

A

Mid Saggital.

49
Q

Which Body Plane?

A

Para Sagittal.

50
Q

What vertbrate feature is caudal to the trunk?

A

The post anal tail.

The tail is posterior to the anus.

51
Q

What is metamerism? Name an example:

A

A serial repetition of structures along the long axis of the body, more prevalent during development. EX: Ribs.

52
Q
A

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. (1 decks)

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