Ch08 Inheritance, Genes, Chromosomes, Mendel Flashcards
observable physical feature
character or trait
(though NOT necessarily “visible”
crossing individuals for 1 trait
monohybrid cross
technically, this means the parents have contrasting traits
different forms of a gene
allele
ah-LEEL
form of a gene that hides/masks/covers the presence of another form of that gene
dominant
if the dominant form of the gene is present, it will be expressed
form of a gene that gets masked/hidden/covered up by the presence of another form of that gene
recessive
recessive genes will only be expressed in the absence of a dominant form of that gene
having two alleles that are the SAME
homozygous
sometimes called “pure”
having two alleles that are DIFFERENT
heterozygous
sometimes called “hybrid”
physical appearance of an organism
phenotype
phenotypes are the expression of the genes - though not necessarily “visible”
genetic make up of an organism
genotype
“type-o-gene”
when an individual produces gametes, the 2 copies of a gene separate, so that each gamete receives only one copy
law of segregation
used to determine whether an individual showing the dominant trait is “homozygous” or “heterozygous”
test cross (cross the individual with the dominant trait with a recessive individual)
cross between individuals that are double heterozygotes
TtSs
dihybrid cross
alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation
- genes are not (necessarily) inherited together
law of independent assortment
be aware of the exceptions to this rule
how do you determine the probability of two or more independent events occurring together?
you multiply their individual probabilities
product rule
how do you determine the probability of an event that can occur in two or more different ways?
add their individual probabilities
addition rule
