CH. 9 THEORIES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Question 1

What is the basic premise of Freud’s psychosexual development theory?

Answer 1

Freud believed that emotional problems in adults originated in early childhood relationships and that children have a sexual nature that drives their behaviour.

Question 2

What are the components of Freud’s personality structure?

Answer 2

Id (pleasure principle, impulsive), Ego (reality principle, mediator), and Superego (morality, suppresses Id)

Question 3

Describe the oral stage in Freud’s psychosexual development

Answer 3

In the first year of life, gratification comes from oral activities like sucking and eating

Question 4

What happens during the anal stage according to Freud?

Answer 4

Between 2-3 years, pleasure focuses on defecation

Question 5

What is the focus during the phallic stage of psychosexual development?

Answer 5

Ages 3-6, children become curious about their own and others’ genitalia

Question 6

What is the latency stage in Freud’s theory?

Answer 6

Ages 6-12, sexual desires are inactive, a period of emotional and social calm

Question 7

What is the genital stage in Freud’s theory?

Answer 7

From adolescence onward, sexual energy reasserts directed toward peers

Question 8

What is the first stage of Erikson’s theory and its main challenge?

Answer 8

Trust vs. Mistrust - Developing trust in other people

Question 9

What is the challenge in the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage?

Answer 9

Ages 1-3½, achieving a strong sense of autonomy while adjusting to social demands

Question 10

What does the Initiative vs. Guilt stage involve?

Answer 10

Ages 4-6, developing initiative and standards without being overwhelmed by guilt

Question 11

What must children achieve in the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?

Answer 11

Between 6 to puberty, mastering cognitive and social skills, working industriously

Question 12

What is the focus of the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?

Answer 12

Adolescence, resolving personal identity or facing role confusion

Question 13

Describe the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage

Answer 13

Early adulthood, forming intimate relationships, typically romantic

Question 14

What is the challenge in the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage?

Answer 14

Middle adulthood, contributing to the world through work, parenting, or other activities

Question 15

What is the final stage of Erikson’s theory?

Answer 15

Integrity vs. Despair - Elderly reflecting on life satisfaction

Question 16

What does Watson’s theory of development emphasize?

Answer 16

Development is determined by the child’s environment and conditioning; parents are responsible for shaping behavior through consistent routines

Question 17

What are key elements in Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning?

Answer 17

Development influenced by reinforcement and punishment; parental attention as reinforcement; use of time-outs and behaviour modification

Question 18

What does the Bobo Doll Experiment demonstrate?

Answer 18

Children learn aggressive behavior through observation and imitation, influenced by vicarious reinforcement.

Question 19

What is the focus of the Social Information Processing theory?

Answer 19

Processing and interpreting social information, often focusing on aggressive behavior and hostile attribution biases.

Question 20

Describe the Bioecological Model

Answer 20

Consists of Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, and Chronosystem, each influencing the child’s development over time.