CH 11. ATTACHMENT TO OTHERS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SELF

Question 1

What is self-concept?

Answer 1

A conceptual system made up of one’s thoughts and attitudes about oneself, including physical being, social roles, relationships, and internal characteristics

Question 2

What constitutes identity?

Answer 2

An individual’s sense of self defined by unique physical, psychological, and interpersonal characteristics, and a range of affiliations and social roles

Question 3

How is self-esteem defined?

Answer 3

The overall subjective evaluation of one’s worth and the feelings associated with that evaluation

Question 4

What is identity achievement?

Answer 4

Having explored various potential identities and committing to one

Question 5

What does identity foreclosure mean?

Answer 5

Choosing an identity based on others’ choices or values without exploring other options

Question 6

Describe the moratorium phase of identity development

Answer 6

The individual is actively exploring various identities but has not yet committed to any

Question 7

What is identity diffusion?

Answer 7

Lack of progress in exploring or committing to any particular identity

Question 8

Define ethnic/racial identity

Answer 8

Beliefs and attitudes an individual has about the ethnic or racial groups they belong to

Question 9

What is sexual identity?

Answer 9

Sense of oneself as a sexual being, separate from sexual orientation, which pertains to romantic attractions to various genders

Question 10

What did Harlow’s experiments reveal about attachment?

Answer 10

The importance of physical comfort in developing attachment, demonstrated with infant monkeys

Question 11

Describe the preattachment phase

Answer 11

From birth to 6 weeks, infants signal to attract comfort from others

Question 12

What is the attachment-in-the-making phase?

Answer 12

From 6 weeks to 6-8 months, infants start responding preferentially to familiar people

Question 13

Define the clear-cut attachment phase

Answer 13

From 6-8 months to 1½-2 years, infants actively seek contact with regular caregivers and show distress during separation

Question 14

What are reciprocal relationships in attachment?

Answer 14

From 1½-2 years onwards, children develop working partnerships with their caregivers, playing an active role in the attachment process

Question 15

Explain the Strange Situation test

Answer 15

A test conducted in an unfamiliar context to assess the quality of attachment by observing the child’s reactions to being separated and reunited with their caregiver

Question 16

What is secure attachment?

Answer 16

A high-quality, positive attachment where the child feels secure and comforted by their attachment figure

Question 17

Describe insecure/resistant attachment

Answer 17

Children show clinginess and dependency on the caregiver

Question 18

What is insecure/avoidant attachment?

Answer 18

Children show indifference or avoidance toward the caregiver.

Question 19

What characterizes disorganized/disoriented attachment?

Answer 19

Children do not fit into the secure, resistant, or avoidant categories and show inconsistent or confused behaviours

Question 20

What are the outcomes for children with secure attachment?

Answer 20

They tend to have closer, more harmonious relationships with peers, positive peer and romantic relationships during adolescence, better emotional health, higher grades, and greater school involvement