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Massage Therapy > Ch 9 Standard Precautions > Flashcards

Ch 9 Standard Precautions Flashcards

1
Q

Disease

A

A condition of (abnormal function) involving anatomic structures or body systems

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2
Q

Pathology

A

The study of disease

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3
Q

Syndrome

A

Group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a particular condition, suggest an underlying disease, or increase the risk of disease development

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4
Q

Diagnosis

Bonus: what is a differential diagnosis

A

Process of identifying a particular disease and includes evaluation of signs and symptoms, medical history, physical examination, laboratory test, and other procedures

Bonus: distinguishing a particular disease from others that possess similar signs and symptoms

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5
Q

Prognosis

A

A prediction of how the disease will progress and the chances of recovery based on the persons condition and the usual course of the disease as observed in similar situations

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6
Q

Signs

A

Objective evidence obvious to someone other than the affected individual
- observed and measured

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7
Q

Symptoms

Bonus: if disease occurs w/o symptoms, it’s called ___?

A

Subjective evidence perceived by an individual

Bonus: asymptomatic

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8
Q

Clinical manifestations

A

Collective term used to describe both signs and symptoms

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9
Q

Acute disease

A

When signs and symptoms have an abrupt onset, last a short time (less than 3 months), and then resolve (or bring death)

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10
Q

Hippocrates famous quote

A

Father of western medicine “do no harm”

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11
Q

Chronic disease

A

Diseases that have an insidious onset, with a gradual increase in signs and symptoms, and last for a long time

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12
Q

Subacute diseases

A

Refers to diseases with characteristics somewhere between acute and chronic diseases

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13
Q

Local disease

A

Affects only one area of the body

Ex. Athletes foot

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14
Q

Systemic disease

A

Distributed throughout the body rather than isolated to one area

Ex. Lupus erythematosus

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15
Q

Etiology

A

Causes or origins of disease

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16
Q

Etiologic Agents

A

essentially, what you can blame the disease on Includes pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria, congenital defects, inherited or genetic disorders, immunologic dysfunctions, metabolic derangements, degenerative changes, malignancies, nutrient deficiencies, and trauma

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17
Q

Idiopathic disease

A

A disease that does not have a known cause

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18
Q

Risk factors

A

Factors that increase, or decrease the chances of getting a particular disease

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19
Q

Non-modifiable risk factors

A

Ruiz factors that cannot be changed such as a persons age, family, history, or race

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20
Q

Modifiable risk factors

A

Ones that can be changed, such as lifestyle choices and environmental factors, including smoking diet, and levels of physical activity

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21
Q

Bonus: medical term for high blood pressure?

A

Hypertension

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22
Q

Complications of the disease

A

Conditions that arise as a disease progresses. Examples of complications are a person who develops congestive heart failure after experiencing a heart attack or a person diagnosed with diabetes, who develops cataracts and skin ulcers.

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23
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of occurrence, distribution, and transmission of diseases in human populations

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24
Q

Endemic disease

A

One that is found regularly in people within local geographic regions or specific races of people

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25
Q

Epidemic Disease

A

Reported occurrences of disease that affect a large number of people at the same time within a geographic region, but, unlike endemic, epidemics eventually subside

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26
Q

Morbidity

A

Indicates the number of individuals affected by a particular disease within a certain population or geographic region

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27
Q

Comorbudities

A

A person can have several morbidities

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28
Q

Mortality

A

Includes the number of deaths within a certain population or a geographic region

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29
Q

Incidence

A

The number of new cases in a particular population during a specific period, usually a calendar year

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30
Q

Prevalence

A

Refers to the number of all existing cases (new and old) of a disease within a particular population

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31
Q

Hygiene

A

Used in relation to personal cleanliness

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32
Q

Sanitation

A

Used when referring to cleaning equipment, supplies, and the massage space

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33
Q

Autoimmune diseases

A

the body mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy tissue

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34
Q

Disorder

A

Disruption of normal body function, that may or may not involve a structural change

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35
Q

Cancer

A

Characterized by growth of abnormal cells that possess uncontrolled cell division, lack programmed cell death, and can accumulate into masses or tumors.

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36
Q

Deficiency disease

A

the individuals inability to digest and absorb a particular nutrient properly

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37
Q

Remissions

A

Periods when signs and symptoms of disease disappear, or diminish significantly

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38
Q

Exacerbation

Bonus what are they also known as

A

Periods when signs and symptoms of disease worsen or become more severe (example: fatigue, swelling, pain, fever).

Bonus- flareups or relapses.

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39
Q

Metastasize

A

Ability to invade other tissues

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40
Q

Degenerative diseases

A

Involved tissue breakdown caused by overuse or occur naturally as a result of the aging process

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41
Q

Genetic diseases

A

Caused by an abnormality in the genetic code

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42
Q

Bonus: osteoporosis vs osteoarthritis

A

Osteoporosis - BONE degeneration

Osteoarthritis- JOINT degeneration

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43
Q

Metabolic disease

A

Occur when the metabolism process fails, which causes the body to have too much or too little of an essential substance, such as hormones

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44
Q

What are Infectious diseases caused by?

A

Caused by pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and pathogenic animals

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45
Q

Nosocomial Infection

A

Infections that occur or were acquired while in a hospital or medical facility

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46
Q

Congenital Disorders

A

Are present at birth. These disorders may be caused by genetic abnormalities, by maternal diet deficient in nutrients, exposure to radiation, poisons, certain medication’s, and disease causing organisms, such as rubella, or oxygen deprivation of the baby before or during birth

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47
Q

Traumatic disorder

A

Involve injury to body tissues, and are often caused by violence or accidents

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48
Q

Pathogen

A

Biologic agent capable of causing infectious diseases (viruses, bacteria, fungi, Protozoa, prions, and pathogenic animals)

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49
Q

Viruses

A

Nonliving entities that depend on a host cell for growth in replication.

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50
Q

Bacteria

A

Single-cell organisms; they can be spherical, spiral, or rod shaped; and appear singly or in chains. Most bacteria are not pathogenic and do not require living tissue for survival.

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51
Q

Fungi

A

Molds and yeast. Only a few varieties are pathogenic (candida apbicans, dermatophytes)

52
Q

Protozoa

A

Considered the simplest form of animal life. Pathogenic protozoa are transmitted through contact with feces, contaminated, food, and water or a bite or sting from an infected insect or animal.

53
Q

Prion

A

Proteinaceous infectious particle. Prion diseases affect the central nervous system in our currently untreatable in fatal.

54
Q

Pathogenic animals

A

Live on or within a host and depend on it for nourishment and replication. Examples of pathogenic animals include worms, tex, lice, and scabies. Parasitic infections are called infestations.

55
Q

Chain of infection

A

The model used to understand the infection process. Each link in the chain represents an essential component in the cycle

56
Q

Reservoirs

A

Sources of infection and can be living (humans, animals), or nonliving (doorknobs, flooring). The portal of entry is the route pathogens use to enter a host

57
Q

Prodromal period

A

The period before the characteristic signs and symptoms appear and transmission is possible, even without manifestations of the disease

58
Q

The ability of a pathogen to cause disease depends on several factors, which include…. (Hint: there’s 5)

A

1) number of pathogens that gain access 2) ares of the body attacked
3) pathogens ability to multiply
4) the genetic suspectability of the host to the pathogen’s mechanism of attack
5) pathogens resistance to host defenses

59
Q

Direct contact disease transmission

A

Occurs from direct to physical contact between the person, and a non-infected person. This includes touching, kissing, or sexual acts.

60
Q

Indirect contact disease transmission

A

Occurs from contacts with contaminated objects, or “fomites”, the infected person touched or from droplets originating from the infected persons body

61
Q

Fomite

A

Name given to an object an affected individual touches, which then becomes contaminated

62
Q

Vehicle transmission

A

Occurs when pathogens are transmitted through a common vehicle or source, such as food, water, air, and in some cases, blood distributed by transfusion services. Vehicle transmission classified as foodborne, waterborne, or airborne.

63
Q

Vector transmission

A

Uses a vector (usually an animal or insect) to spread pathogens between two or more holes. Most vector borne diseases are transmitted by bites, stings, or infestation of tissues.

64
Q

Stana precautions

A

The minimum infection control practices used to prevent transmission of diseases acquired by contact with blood, body fluids, non-intact skin (such as), and mucous membranes

65
Q

Universal precautions

A

Blood in certain fluid are considered infectious

66
Q

Standard precautions for a massage therapist

A

Include practicing hand hygiene, using personal protective equipment when contact precautions are required, and disinfecting contaminated linens, surfaces, and massage instruments

67
Q

Why is Hand hygiene important for massage therapist?

A

Without good hygiene and sanitation, pathogens can be passed from practitioner to client or from client to client in various ways. One of the most basic personal hygiene measures for massage therapist is handwashing.

68
Q

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

A

Refers to clothing and other items worn to protect the wares body from infection or injury (gloves, face shields, mask, isolation, gowns, shoe covers )

69
Q

Contact precautions

A

Procedures used to reduce the risk of spreading infection, caused by contact transmission (direct contact with the patient or indirect contact with items in the patient’s room.)

70
Q

Asepsis

A

Freedom from infection, or in infectious material (also known as the absence of viable pathogenic organisms)

71
Q

Aseptic Techniques

A

Techniques that kill or disable pathogens on surfaces before they can be transmitted

72
Q

Sterilization

A

All organisms by means of heat. Some examples in pressurize steams, baths, any extreme temperature (search as an auto clave), and irradiation

73
Q

Disinfection

A

Destroys most or all pathogens (but not necessarily all micro babes) on inanimate objects. Many different chemicals, such as iodine, chlorine, alcohol, and soap can be used as disinfectants.

74
Q

Isolation

A

Separates potentially infectious people or materials from an infected individuals

75
Q

MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Stalhylococcus Aureus)

A

A drug resistant bacterial infection typically found on the skin, but which can occur elsewhere in the body

76
Q

AIDS

A

Is caused by dysfunction in the body’s immune system one of the body’s primary defenses against disease

77
Q

Retrovirus

A

As a group, retroviruses can live in the host for a long time without causing any sign of illness. And most animals retrovirus infections last for life.

78
Q

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus )

A

A type of retrovirus that replicates in the group of white blood cells called lymphocytes, or T cells. Among the T cells, HIV’s favorite, target is the T4 cell. The T4 cell, also called the helper T cell, performs a vital job in the immune system.

79
Q

Hepatitis

A

Ritory process, infection of the liver caused by a virus. It is classified as type (A-G)

80
Q

Emergency Preparedness

A

Process of providing first and immediate responses situations to minimize loss of life

81
Q

Check for responsiveness

A

If you encounter an unresponsive individual, or check for responsiveness to determine whether there is an actual emergency, or if the individual is simply resting

82
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood sugar

83
Q

Stroke

A

Also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack, is a sudden disruption in cerebral or a ruptured blood vessel. this disruption in blood flow causes death of brain tissue

84
Q

The acronym FAST helps medical professionals determine if someone is having a stroke. What do the letters stand for?

A

Face: ask the person to smile. Does one side of the face droop?
Arms: ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward or is immovable?
Speech: ask the person to repeat a simple phrase, like “is it sunny outside?” Is it speech slurred or strange?
Time: if you notes any of these signs, call 911. Note the time when symptoms first appeared. (do not drive the client to the hospital, let the ambulance give life-saving treatment)

85
Q

Medical name for a heart attack

A

Myocardial infraction (MI) “ a sudden disruption of blood flow to the heart, muscle or myocardium caused by an occulted blood vessel, or hemorrhage from a broken blood vessel. The tissue supplied by the effect of vessel is often damaged”

86
Q

Seizures (epilepsy)

A

Categorized by explosive episodes of uncontrolled and excessive electrical activity in the brain, or seizure, and result, in a sudden change in behavior and level of consciousness. The event is described as a lightning storm.

87
Q

Partial Seizures

A

Represent 60% of cases seizure activity is limited to a single area of the brain, and person does not lose consciousness. However, awareness the person often exhibits a lack of awareness, not knowing where he or she is or how much time has passed.

88
Q

Generalized Seizures

A

Approximately 30% involve a more area of the brain. Two types of generalized seizures are a sense and tonic clonic.

89
Q

Absence seizures (Petit Mal)

A

Involve a brief loss of awareness and often some transient facial movements that last for up to 10 seconds. The previous activity is then resumed, and the person has no memory of what occurred during the seizure

90
Q

Tonic-Clonic Seizures (Grand Mal)

A

Produce an intermittent contract and relax pattern in muscles and are associated with a loss of consciousness. Or visual or auditory sensations, called or auras, occurring minutes before the seizure begins.

91
Q

Tonic phase of grand-Mal seizure

A

Tone increases and muscular. Contraction begins., All to the ground. A cry may be heard as the abdominal muscles contract. Forcing air out of the lungs. This phase last approximately 10 seconds

92
Q

Clonic phase of grand-Mal seizures

A

The classic manifestation of alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles. The person may have increased salivation; bowel and bladder incontinence may occur. These contractions gradually subside in several mins; the person is there confused,weak, and drowsy, and has no memory of the event

93
Q

Contraindication

A

A situation that requires to avoid possible harm

94
Q

Absolute (systematic/general) contraindication

A

Client cannot receive massage and the massage should be postponed

95
Q

Local (regional) contraindication

A

The client can receive a massage, but an area or region of the body needs to be avoided

96
Q

Relative Contraindication

A

The client can receive massage with a few treatment, procedural or positional modifications

97
Q

Posterior triangle of the neck

A

Bordered by the anterior margin of the trapezius, the superior border of the clavicle, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle

98
Q

Anterior Triangle of the Neck

A

Border by the one side of the lower border of the mandible, the midline of the body, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle

99
Q

Therapeutic inflammation

A

Use of massage (deep transverse friction or connective tissue stretching) to deliberately create a controlled, localized area of inflammation to generate healing mechanisms

100
Q

Inflammatory exudate

A

Fluid that accumulates in inflamed tissue and has the beneficial effect of diluting the irritant. Inflammatory exudate is then slowly removed by the lymphatic system.

101
Q

Sprain vs strain

A

Sprain - injury to joint capsule

Strain - tear to tendons and ligaments connection

102
Q

Regeneration

A

Type of tissue repair in which those they replace. That means these cells can still mitosis.

103
Q

Four distinct processes involved in pain sensation

A

1) transduction - stimuli activate the receptors
2) transmission - sending pain impulses from the site, over peripheral sensory nerves to the spinal cord and the brain
3) modulation - neural activity via descending neural pathways (descending tracts) from the brain that can influence pain transmission at the level of the spinal cord
4) perception - subjective experience of pain by the person that is somehow produced by the neural activity of pain transmission

104
Q

Adaptation

A

The decrease or disappearance of a sensation, even though the stimulus is still present. Pain receptors adapt only slightly or not at all

105
Q

Neuromodulators

A

“Pain reducers”, endogenous opioid peptides, such as endorphins and enkephalins, which are naturally occurring compounds that have pain- reducing, morphine-like qualities

106
Q

Pain threshold

A

The point at which a stimulus is perceived as painful. This varies somewhat from individual, but not tremendously

107
Q

Pain tolerance

A

The length of time or intensity of pain that the person endured before acknowledging it and seeking relief

108
Q

Perceptual Dominance

A

Where the pain felt in one area of the body diminishes or obliterates the pain felt in another area. Not until the most severe pain is diminished does the person perceive or acknowledge the other pain

109
Q

Acute pain

A

A warning signal that activates the sympathetic nervous system. It can be a symptom of a disease condition or a temporary aspect of medical treatment. It is usually temporary, of sudden onset, and easily localized.

110
Q

Chronic pain

A

A diffuse, poorly localized discomfort that persisted or recurs for indefinite periods, usually for more than 6 months. Chronic pain frequently has an obscure onset, and the character and quality of the pain changes over time

111
Q

Localized pain

A

Pain that is confined to a specific area at the site of origin

112
Q

Radiating pain

A

Pain that is diffuse around the site of origin and is not well localized

113
Q

Referred pain vs projected pain

A

Referred - Pain that is felt in an area distant from the site of the painful stimulus “doesn’t follow a nerve path”

Projected - type of nerve pain that is continued along the nerve tract. It is usually caused by impingement of a proximal nerve root “pinching a nerve root”

114
Q

Visceral pain

A

Pain that results from stimulation of receptors in the viscera (internal organs)

115
Q

Somatic pain

A

Arises from stimulation of receptors in the skin (called superficial somatic pain) or skeletal muscles, joints, tendons, and fascia (called deep somatic pain)

116
Q

Dermatome

A

When pain is referred, it is usually to a structure that developed from the same embryonic segment as the structure in which the pain originates

117
Q

Phantom Pain

A

A type of pain frequently experienced by clients who have has a limb amputated. These clients exp pain or other sensations in the area of the amputated extremity as though the limb were still there

118
Q

Muscle pain

A

If the blood supply to a muscle is occluded (closed off), contraction soon caused pain. The pain persisted after the contraction until blood flow is reestablished

119
Q

Benign tumors

A

Remain localized within the tissue from which they arise and usually grow very slowly

120
Q

Malignant Tumors (cancer)

A

Tend to spread to other regions of the body through a process called metastasis. Malignant tumors may replace part of a viral organ with abnormal tissues, which is a life-threatening situation

121
Q

General Constitutional Application of Massage

A

Massage methods for illness involve beefy general application of massage to support the body’s healing response (ex stress management, pain control, restorative sleep)

122
Q

Femoral (inguinal) Triangle

A

Borders are sartorius, adductor longus, inguinal ligament. Structures include femoral artery, femoral nerve, femoral vein, lymph nodep

123
Q

Impingement

A

any pressure on a nerve or vessel (from hard or soft tissue)

124
Q

Entrapment vs Compression

A

Entrapment - Describes pressure on a nerve from soft tissue

Compression - pressure on a nerve from bony structures

125
Q

Splinting (guarding)

A

A reflexive muscle contraction. If there is an injury or dysfunction, the body may use this reflex to protect vulnerable structures like joints with a protective splint of muscle spasm

126
Q

True or false: passive range of motion on a client with osteoporosis helps with their condition

A

FALSE!! The client has limited range of motion so forcing them to move might cause damage

Massage Therapy (15 decks)

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