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Massage Therapy > Ch 22 Integumentary System > Flashcards

Ch 22 Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology of integumentary system (hint: there are 7 listed)

A

1) protection - physical barrier and protects underlying tissues
2) immunity - immunologic responses by acting as a biologic and chemical barrier
3) absorption - limited properties of absorption
4) sensation - sensory organ; touch, pressure and temperature
5) temperature regulation - changes in blood flow and activity of sweat glands
6) excretion - minor role in excretion through elimination of water, salt and waste
7) vitamin D synthesis - necessary for absorption of calcium in gastrointestinal tract

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2
Q

Anatomy of integumentary system

A

Skin, hair, nails, glands

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3
Q

Epidermis

Bonus: which part of the embryonic cell is the epidermis derived from?

A

Thin outer region of skin and is composed of epithelial tissue and is relatively avascular

Bonus: ectoderm

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4
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce dark pigment called melanin

Fun fact: melanin is lacking in thick skin 😱

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5
Q

Epidermal layers (superficial to deep, 5 layers)

A

1) stratum corneum (horny layer) - completely keratinized cells that die off and desquamate
2) stratum lucidum - appears as a translucent band; thick skin
3) stratum granulosum - keratin and skin oil mix, creating an epidermal water barrier
4) stratum spinosum (spiny layer) - spiny processes that connect it to the layer above
5) stratum basale (stratum germinativum) - keratinocytes/cell production, melanocytes

“Come, Let’s Get Sun Burnt”

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6
Q

Epidermal-dermal junction and it’s role

Bonus: which epidermal layer adheres this junction?

A

Cells of both regions connect and are separated by a basement membrane; which provides support for the epidermis and nutrient exchanges

Bonus: stratum basale adheres to the basement membrane

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7
Q

Dermis (or corium) and physiology

Bonus: which part of the embryonic cell does the dermis derive from?

A

Thick, deep vascular region of skin or “true skin”; structural support to nerve receptors, blood vessels, hair follicles, muscles, and glands

Bonus: mesoderm

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8
Q

Hyperemia

A

Increased local blood flow

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9
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blue or purple tinted skin

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10
Q

Pallor

A

Pale or ashen skin

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11
Q

Ischemia

A

Decreased blood flow from vasoconstriction or other causes

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12
Q

What is hair made out of? 💇🏽

A

Composed of keratinized filaments arising from pouch-like hair follicles located in the dermis

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13
Q

Arrector pili

A

Muscles attached to hair follicles that contract to pull hair upright

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14
Q

What are nails made out of? 💅🏾

A

Compact keratinized cells forming the thin hard plates on distal surfaces of fingers and toes

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15
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Aka oil glands, produce sebum into a duct connected to a hair follicle

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16
Q

Sudoriferous glands

A

Aka sweat glands, produce and secrete sweat or perspiration

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17
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Specialized sudoriferous glands that produce cerumen, or earwax

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18
Q

Skin receptors

A

Sensory neurons on or near the surface of the body

Fun fact: also known as exteroceptors bc they receive stimuli from external enviro

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19
Q

Merkel disks (location and type of stimulated touch)

bonus: what kind of touch do these disks specialize in?

A

Aka tactile disks, detect light pressure or light touch; located in the epidermis, have small receptive fields, and adapt slowly so they can send info to the nervous system for longer periods

bonus: discriminative touch (easily located touch) and subtle changes in topography (ex depressions and elevations or contours)

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20
Q

Nociceptors

A

Sensory receptor for pain stimuli

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21
Q

Hair root plexus

A

Aka hair follicle receptor, responds to mechanical stimuli such as hair movement

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22
Q

Meissen corpuscles (location and type of stimulated touch)

A

Aka tactile corpuscles, located in the dermis beneath the epidermal- dermal junction and are abundant in hairless skin (fingertips, lips, eyelids, nipples and genitals); light pressure/ light touch, textual sensations and low frequency vibes

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23
Q

Krause corpuscles

A

Aka bulboid corpuscles, found in mucous membranes and detect deeper pressure, cold or reduced temperatures, low frequency vibrations, and textural sensations

24
Q

Ruffini corpuscles (location and stimulated touch)

A

Aka bulbous corpuscles, are found in the dermis and respond to heavy pressure, continuous or persistent touch, skin stretching, and warmth

25
Q

Pacini corpuscles (location and type of touch stimuli)

A

Aka lamellar corpuscles, found deep in the dermis, esp in the hands and feet, as well as in joint capsules; deep pressure, high frequency, and stretch; adapt quickly to stimuli

26
Q

Acne

A

Inflammatory infection of the hair follicles and their associated sebaceous glands, also called pilosebaceous unit

27
Q

Athletes foot

A

Fungal infection of the foot, most often the sole and between the toes

28
Q

Boils

A

Deeply infected hair follicles that spread to surrounding areas

29
Q

Bruises

A

Marks on the skin caused by blood leaking from damaged vessels and collecting in interstitial spaces

30
Q

Burns

A

An injury causing damage to the epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer (hypodermis), or organs underneath

31
Q

Cold sores

A

Recurrent viral infections affecting skin and mucous membrane

32
Q

Decubitus ulcers (aka bed sores) and massage adjustments

A

Localized injuries to the skin from sustained pressure

Massage: postpone massage if the ulcer is emitting discharge; otherwise, it’s a local contraindication

33
Q

Eczema

A

Most common inflammatory skin condition and is noncontagious

34
Q

Impetigo

A

Bacterial infection that occurs mainly around the mouth, nose, and skin folds such as the axillae

35
Q

Lice (louse in plural) and massage adjustments

A

Wingless parasite that lives it’s life cycle on a single human host and depends on its blood for survival

Massage: postpone massage until lice is eradicated to prevent contagion

36
Q

Psoriasis

A

Non infectious chronic inflammatory skin condition in which the proliferation rate of epidermal cells is greatly accelerated

37
Q

Ringworm

A

Fungal skin infection

38
Q

Scabies and massage adjustments

A

Aka itch mites, are parasitic Sarcoptes scabiei mites that burrow under the skin

Massage: postpone massage until scabies is eradicated

39
Q

Scar

A

Mark left on damaged skin or other tissues after it’s healed

40
Q

Seborrheic dermatitis and massage adjustments

A

Chronic inflammatory condition of the sebaceous glands marked by an increase in the amount of and changes in the quality of their secretions

Massage: inquire about past skin reactions from laundry detergents and eliminate contact from sheets (if possible); inquire about sensitivity over affected areas and adjust accordingly; use water-based lube

41
Q

Shingles

A

Acute, localized viral infection of the skin

42
Q

Stretch marks and massage adjustments

A

Tearing, thinning, or overstretching of skin, which reduces its thickness

Massage: lighter than usually pressure over affected area

43
Q

Warts

A

Rough, raised, oval shaped mass of skin

44
Q

What is the largest organ in the human body and what is it composed of?

A

Skin (16% by weight) is composed of an epithelium, the epidermis, and an underlying connective tissue, the dermis

45
Q

Hypodermis

Bonus: Hypodermis is also known as…

A

Layer of tissue beneath dermis and consists of loose connective tissue, fat, nerve receptors, and blood vessels

Bonus: subcutis, subcutaneous, and superficial facia

46
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Hypothalamus senses changes in body temp and activates responses to bring temperature back to a normal range

Aka fat layer insulates body heat

47
Q

Thick skin vs thin skin

A

Thick - (palms and soles of the feet) hairless, lacks pigment, and is described as glabrous

Thin - hair, sebaceous glands, and is pigmented

48
Q

Keratinocytes and which part of the embryo does it derive from?

A

Derived from ectoderm; cells that produce keratin, a tough fibrous protein that protects skin; keratinocytes secrete a lipid substance that forms a waterproof barrier between cells

49
Q

Anatomy of the nails (hint: there’s 7)

A
  • Nail body: the largest and visible part of the nails
  • Nailbed: skin beneath the nail; can be seen through the clear nail
  • Nail root: protection
  • Lateral Nail: edges of the nail that fold to the side
  • Cuticle: tough ridge of skin growing over the nail
  • Lunula: crescent-shaped white area at the base of the nail
  • Free edge: most distal edge of the nail; usually trimmed due to nail growth
50
Q

Eccrine glands

A

secrete a watery perspiration which can help regulate body temperature through evaporation cooling; released directly on the skins surface

51
Q

Eccrine glands

A

most numerous type; secretes a water perspiration which helps regulate body temperature

52
Q

Apocrine glands

bonus: what kind of chemical substance is associated with these glands and helps organisms “communicate” with the same species?

A

open into hair follicles and are larger than eccrine glands; secrete a strong-smelling perspiration

Bonus: pheromones

53
Q

Postcentral Gyrus (aka somatosensory cortex)

A

part of the brain that receives stimuli from skin receptors determine the type of sensation felt, and where on the body the sensations originated

54
Q

Free nerve endings vs encapsulated nerves

A

Free nerves - no covering, simplest & most common widespread receptor (can be both exteroceptors and interoceptors) ex. Merkel disks, nociceptors, and hair root plexus

Encapsulated nerves - have capsules at their terminal endpoint; require slightly more deforming pressure. ex. meissner corpulscles, Krause corpuscle, Ruffini corpuscle, and Pacini corpuscle

55
Q

Dermatologic Pathologies that should be avoided, as a local contraindication, during a massage

(hint: there are 13 listed)

A

1) acne
2) athletes’ foot
3) boils
4) burns
5) cold sores
6) eczema
7) impetigo
8) psoriasis
9) ringworm
10) scars (until its healed)
11) shingles
12) warts
13) bruises (until it turns greenish-yellow)

Massage Therapy (15 decks)

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