Ch 9 Sensory Systems Flashcards by Yelena Matveyev

When sensation reaches conscious awareness

Perception

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Information about environmental conditions (inside and outside of the body) is detected and sent to the CNS

Sensation

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Structures that detect stimuli (changes) in the conditions of both the inside and outside of the body and send that info to the CNS in the form of action potentials

Sensory receptors

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Specialized to detect different kinds of stimuli like light, sound, pressure, chemicals and temperature

Sensory receptors

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Occurs when sensory receptors slow or stop responding when they are constantly stimulated.
Getting used to a change.

Sensory adaptation

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5 main types of sensory receptors

Mechanoreceptors 
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors 
Chemoreceptors 
Pain receptors

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Receptors that respond to the physical distortion…Stretching, twisting, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing, and equilibrium

Mechanoreceptors

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The sensation of body and limb position

Proprioception

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Respond to changes in temperature

Thermoreceptors

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Respond to light - vision

Photoreceptors

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Respond to the presence of chemicals like smell, taste

Chemoreceptors

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Respond to very strong stimuli usually resulting from the tissue damage

Pain receptors

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Receptors are widely distributed throughout the body and tend to be relatively simple in structure, such as free nerve endings (dendrites)

General senses

Touch, pressure, vibration, temp, proprioception and pain

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(Vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell and taste)

Receptors that are located in the head and tend to be more complex in structure

Special senses

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Light touch of the general sense receptor in the skin?

Merkel disk

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Continuous pressure in the skin (general receptor)

Ruffini corpuscle

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Strong pressure to the skin

Pacinian corpuscle

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Pain heat cold to the skin

Free nerve endings

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The bending of incoming light rays.

Accomplished by the cornea, lens and humors

Refraction

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Changing the shape of the lens to refract and focus light precisely into the retina

Accommodation

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Photoreceptors

Rods and cones

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Very sensitive, not sharp vision. Black and white.

Rods

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Not sensitive but more accurate. Color vision.

Cones

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Outer layer of the eye.

Protects the eyeball

Sclera

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Transparent dome forming the outer layer at the front of the eye. Refracts light, focusing on the retina

Cornea

Outer layer

Fibrous

Middle layer

Vascular

Inner layer

Nervous

Pigmented layer containing blood vessels | Absorbs stray light, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues of eye

Choroid

Encircles lens, contains the ciliary muscles Controls shape of lens Secretes aqueous humor

Ciliary body

Colored part of the eye | Regulates the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil

Iris

Opening at the center of the iris | Opening for incoming light

Pupil

Layer of tissue that contains the photoreceptors, bipolar and ganglion cells Receives light and generates neural messages

Retina

Responsible for Black and white Vision and vision in dim light

Rods

Responsible for color vision and visual acuity

Cones

Small pit in the retina that has high concentration of cones Provides detailed color vision

Fovea

Fine focusing of light into retina. | Transparent, behind the iris and pupil

Lens

Clear fluid found between the cornea and the lens. | Refracts light and helps maintain shake of the eyeball

Aqueous humor

Gelatinous substance found within the chamber behind the lens

Vitreous humor

Group of axons from the eye to the brain | Transmits impulses from the retina to the brain

Optic nerve

What gathers sound and funnels it into the external auditory canal

Pinna

Sends sounds to the tympanic membrane(eardrum)

External auditory canal

Vibrates synchronously with sound waves, causing the bones of the middle ear to move

The eardrum - tympanic membrane

Amplify the pressure waves and convey the vibrations of the eardrum to the inner ear

Three bones : malleus, incus, stapes

Converts pressure waves to neutral messages that are sent to the brain for interpretation as sound

The cochlea

What are the 2 kinds of equilibrium

Static equilibrium | Dynamic equilibrium

The sensation of head position relative to gravity " when the head is not moving" -Utricle and saccule within the vestibule contain sensory organs that detect the position of the head

Static equilibrium

Within the vestibule that contain sensory organs that detect the position of the head

Utricle and saccule

The sensation of movement of the head

Dynamic equilibrium

Contain sensory organs that also detect linear acceleration and deceleration of the head

Utricle and saccule

Contain sensory organs that detect angular acceleration and deceleration of the head

Semicircular canals

The utricle and saccule contain hair cells with overlaying gelatinous material. Embedded in the gelatinous material are the granules of calcium carbonated called?

Otoliths

Our sense of static equilibrium, position of the head with respect to gravity, is due to the receptors in the ?

Vestibule

At the base of each semicircular canals is a gelatinous mass called the

Cupula

Our sense of dynamic equilibrium- equilibrium when the body or head is moving- is due to the ? That report rotational movements of the head, including those caused by acceleration and deceleration

Semicircular canals

Collects and directs sound waves

Pinna

Directs sound to the middle ear | Canal between Pinna and the tympanic membrane

External auditory canal

Vibrates in response to sound waves

Eardrum- tympanic membrane

Three tiny bones of the middle ear that amplify the vibrations of the tympanic membrane and transmit vibrations to the inner ear

Malleus Incus Stapes

A tube that connects the middle ear with the thrust. Allows equalization of pressure in the middle ear with external air pressure

Auditory tube - Eustachian tube

Fluid filled, bony, snail shaped chamber | Houses spiral organ and has openings called oval window and round window

Cochlea

Contains hair cells | The organ of hearing

Spiral organ (of corti)

Membrane at the end of the lower clams in cochlea. | Relieved pressure created by the movement of the oval window

Round window

Membrane between the middle and inner ear that the stapes presses against. Transmits the movements is the stapes to the fluid in the inner ear

Oval window

Fluid filled chambers and canals that monitor position and movement of the head

Vestibule apparatus

Two fluid filled chambers | Maintain static equilibrium

Vestibule= utricle and saccule

Fluid filed chambers oriented at the right angles to one another that maintain dynamic equilibrium

Semicircular canals

Is a chemical sense | Neurons/receptors get replaced every 60 days

Smell - olfaction

What part of the tongue contains most of the taste buds?

Papillae

Is a chemical sense that closely related to smell. | Cells (not neurons) replaced every 10 days

Taste- Gustation