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Biology 1 > Ch. 9 Review > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

How does most life on earth acquire energy? These systems are ________ of energy.

A

Photosynthesis - either directly or indirectly
Cellular Respiration

TRNASFORMATIONS

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2
Q

How do biological species rely on photosynthesis?

A

Directly- plants/bacteria make energy using photosynthesis

Indirectly– cellular respiration converts chemical energy of photosynthesis into ATP energy

Everyone relies on photosynthesis

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3
Q

What element is light made of?

A

Light is NOT an element

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4
Q

Do plants have mitochondria?

A

YES

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5
Q

Define respiration and fermentation

A

Respiration- accomplishes the COMPLETE breakdown of sugar to produce MORE ATP

Fermentation- accomplishes an INCOMPLETE breakdown of sugar and produces LESS ATP

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6
Q

What is respiration in biology?

A

a process in living organisms involving the production of energy typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the OXIDATION OF COMPLEX ORGANIC SUBSTANCES

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7
Q

Oxidation is ______ reduction is ________

A

Oxidation- the loss of electrons
Reductions- the gain of electrons

LEO the lion says GER

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8
Q

Sometimes redox changes the _________ between atoms

A

degree of electron sharing

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9
Q

How can we know redox reaction has occured?

A

electrons are transferred along with protons. The transfer of hydrogen atoms

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10
Q

Electrons _______ from the nucleus have ________

A

further, more energy

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11
Q

Polar covalent bonds have _______
Nonpolar covalent bonds have ________

A

low energy in electrons
high energy in electrons

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12
Q

Cellular respiration is _______

A

EXERGONIC

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13
Q

What is the equation for the metabolism of glucose? What is oxidized and reduced in the glucose equation?

A

glucose + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP and heat)
∆G= -686 kcal/mol

glucose is oxidized, oxygen is reduced

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14
Q

Glucose metabolism requires _______ steps

A

MANY

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15
Q

The _______ of glucose is used to make ATP, how is this energy harnessed?

A

electron-energy, electron energy is harnessed by ATP Synthase

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16
Q

ATP Synthase is embedded in ________, and is driven by _________ across the _________

A

embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
driven by an ION GRADIENT across the INNER MEMBRANE

electron energy is converted into ion gradient energy

electrons are delivered to the inner membrane

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17
Q

How are electrons delivered to the inner membrane?

A

With electron carriers like NAD+

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18
Q

NAD+ can easily be ________ and accepts how many electrons

A

oxidized/reduced, accepts 2 electrons

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19
Q

NAD+ carries

A

one hydrogen ion and 1 e-
OR 2e- and 1 proton

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20
Q

NAD+ is the primary _________ of glucose

A

oxidizing agent

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21
Q

Oxygen is the final ______ agent, it _______ electrons

A

oxidizing agent, takes away

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22
Q

What are the four stages of cellular respiration?

A
  1. fermentation
  2. pyruvate oxidation
  3. citric acid (krebs) cycle
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
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23
Q

What does glycolysis do?

A

splits glucose in 2 pyruvates (3 C)

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24
Q

The 1st half of glycolysis _______ to _______ the sugar

A

spends ATP, phosphorylate

Energy investment phase

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25
Q

The 2nd half of glycolysis makes what? How much?

A

2 net ATP (2 from G3P, 4 from glucose) and 2 NADH

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26
Q

What happens in step 4 of glycolysis? Step 5?

A

4- The sugar is split into DHP and G3P

5- DHP converted to G3P, 2G3P total

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27
Q

Why is step 6 of glycolysis important?

A

It’s the first redox reaction of respiration

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28
Q

ADP is phosphorylated in which steps in glycolysis?

A

2 ADP are phosphorylated in both steps 7 and 10

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29
Q

Where does the energy from the phosphorylation of ADP come from?

A

The substrate PEP

ADP has no energy
Enzymes do not change ∆G, they only enable energy coupling

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30
Q

What is the phosphorylation of ADP by PEP in glycolysis an example of?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

31
Q

In pyruvate oxidation, how are enzymes localized?

A

In step 2 converting pyruvate in Acetyl CoA

32
Q

How many steps are in pyruvate oxidation?

A

3

33
Q

How many steps are in glycolysis

A

10

34
Q

The enzymes in pyruvate oxidation are ________

A

bound together in an enzyme complex

35
Q

In pyruvate oxidation what are the reactants and products per glucose?

A

Input
2 pyruvate

Makes
2 CO2
2NADH
2 Acetyl CoA

36
Q

Pyruvate has what functional group? Does pyruvate have energy?

A

Pyruvate has a carboxyl group which is energy poor

Pyruvate has energy, it has rich nonpolar covalent bonds

37
Q

Acetyl CoA has which two functional groups?

A

Carbonyl and methyl

38
Q

How many steps are in the citric acid cycle?

A

8

39
Q

Citric acid cycle completes glucose _______

A

Metabolism

40
Q

Citric acid cycle begins by…

A

Transferring acetyl group to Oxaloacetate

41
Q

What are the products of the citric acid cycle per glucose?

A

4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP

42
Q

After glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle what are the products total?

A

10 NADH
4 ATP

Completely metabolized glucose

43
Q

Describe stages 1-3 of cellular respiration.

A

-Glucose is oxidized 10 times with NAD+

-NAD+ reduced to NADH
-Glucose completely catabolized to CO2
-Makes little ATP
-Substrate level phosphorylation

44
Q

Describe stage 4 of cellular respiration

A

-Oxidizes NADH with inner membrane
-makes A LOT of ATP
-inner membrane is oxidizing agent of NADH

45
Q

In stage 4, most of the energy harvested by glucose is in what coenzyme?

A

NADH

46
Q

Where does the energy for ATP Synthase come from?

A

A proton gradient

47
Q

Describe the electron transport chain

A
  • a “chain” of membrane proteins within the inner membrane
    -includes 4 complexes (I-IV)
    -several cytochrome proteins
    -a SERIES of redox reactions (ox. red. ox. red.)
48
Q

What happens to the electrons of the ETC?

A

The chain is oxidized by oxygen and produces water

49
Q

What is the last redox reaction equation?

A

4 e- + 4 H+ + O2 –> 2 H2O

50
Q

When electrons pass through the ETC what happens?

A
  • electron energy decreases
  • electronegativity of the membrane proteins increases
51
Q

Where did the energy from the ETC go? What is this called?

A

The chain proteins use the energy of electrons to transfer protons across the inner membrane (matrix to intermembrane space)

Called a proton gradient

52
Q

The proton gradient is created using the energy of _______

A

REDOX

53
Q

The proton gradient is a source of ______ and is an example of ________

A

Energy, energy transformations (1st law thermodynamics)

54
Q

ATP synthase is an ________ and a _______

A

enzyme, proton channel

55
Q

The proton gradient is used by ATP synthase to make what? This is an example of?

A

ATP, coupling

56
Q

The proton flow is ________
ATP Synthase is ________
ATP Synthase is special because?

A

exergonic, endergonic

ATP Synthase is the only way for protons to flow across the membrane

57
Q

What is the final ATP tabulation per glucose?

A

glycolysis- 2 ATP (net)
citric acid cycle- 2 ATP
Ox. Phos- 26-28 ATP

58
Q

How efficient is cellular respiration?

A

32%

59
Q

What if oxygen is unavailable?

A
  1. chain fills with electrons and stops functioning
  2. NADH has no oxidizing agent
  3. NAD+ levels drop
60
Q

What is the solution to no O2 availability?

A

Fermentation

61
Q

What does fermentation do?

A

-Fermentation is catabolism without O2
- its incomplete
-it oxidizes NADH from pyruvate, NAD+ is recycled

62
Q

What are the types of fermentation? Who does them?

A

Lactic acid- bacteria, mammals
Alcohol- bacteria yest

63
Q

Do bacteria do fermentation or respiration?

A

Single-celled bacteria do respiration

64
Q

What fuels cellular respiration?

A

Carbs
- starch
-sucrose, maltose, lactose
- fructose
Fats
Proteins

65
Q

Can other monosaccharides be used as fuel for cellular respiration?

A

YES, they come in to the cycle later

66
Q

How are fatty acids broken down for cellular respiration?

A

fatty acids- broken down to Acetyl-CoA and goes to citric acid cycle

Glycerol- enters glycolysis

67
Q

How are proteins broken down for cellular respiration?

A

first broken down into amino acids
can then be transported to glycolysis, citric acid cycle, or respiration depending on the protein

68
Q

Why are catabolic processes important for anabolic processes?

A

Intermediates by catabolism can be used for anabolic pathways

69
Q

Cellular respiration is regulated through what enzyme? Where does it come from?

A

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
glycolysis step 3

70
Q

Define the enzyme PFK

A
  • catalyzes 3rd step glycolysis
  • has allosteric sites
  • can be negatively or positively regulated
  • controlled by FEEDBACK INHIBITION
71
Q

How is PFK controlled?

A

ATP- can turn off enzyme, stops glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and citric acid cycle

ADP, AMP- turn on the enzyme, ATP is low, need to produce more

Citrate- turns enzyme off, if theres a lot of citric acid, glycolysis isn’t need, citric acid cycle still proceeds

72
Q

what are coenzymes? (See Chapter 8 for a description.) Explain how the coenzyme NAD+ is chemically altered when it is reduced, and when it is re-oxidized (i.e. what exactly is added and removed?). Where does this happen on the molecule?

A

Coenzymes are nonprotein compounds that are required for some enzymes to function.
Example: NAD +
When NAD+ is reduced to NAD the pos charge on the nitrogen disappears & a second hydrogen is added to the carbon w/ an already existing hydrogen. When NADH is oxidized a hydrogen is removed from the top carbon on the 6 ring & pos charge on the nitrogen is restored.

73
Q

Which steps in glycolysis are energy investing vs. harvesting?

A

1-5 investing
6-10 harvesting

Biology 1 (9 decks)

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