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Biology 1 > Ch. 16 and 17 Review > Flashcards

Ch. 16 and 17 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the components of a chromosome?

A
  1. DNA
  2. Protein
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2
Q

In the 20th century, scientists believed what macromolecule encoded for genes?

A

Protein

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3
Q

When was the conformation of DNA known?

A

1950s via Watson and Crick

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4
Q

State Chargaff’s rule

A

A=Tor U
G= C
ratios of these purines and pyrimidines are equal

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5
Q

What did Watson and Crick conclude about DNA?

A

-DNA forms a HELIX with UNIFORM WIDTH (2nm)
-DNA has TWO polynucleotide chains
-The backbones are on the outside, bases on the inside
-H bonds hold bases together

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6
Q

How many bonds do the purines form?

A

Adenine forms 2 bonds, Guanine forms 3

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7
Q

DNA strands are _______

A

Antiparallel, strands run opposite from each other

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8
Q

Are DNA strands identical?

A

NO, they’re complimentary meaning 4 of nucleotide base pairs are possible

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9
Q

DNA must be copied because it encodes for what?

A

DNA encodes proteins and traits

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10
Q

How does the cell synthesize DNA

A
  1. Two strands separated
  2. Each strand used as a template to build new strands USING complementary base pairing
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11
Q

What happens to the original DNA?

A

It’s present in daughter cells but no longer intact. Semiconservative DNA.

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12
Q

Where does the energy for making DNA come from?

A

From the nucleotides bearing 3 phosphates. recall phosphates are covalently bonded, when broken they release a lot of energy. Nucleotide brings the energy NOT ATP.

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13
Q

DNA replication must be? What is the solution?

A
  1. accurate and efficient
    occur at manly sites simultaneously
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14
Q

What is a replication bubble? Where are the forks?

A

Replication bubble on the origin of replication where new DNA is synthesized.

The forks are the ends of the bubble

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15
Q

What is needed to make DNA?

A
  • 2 template strands
  • Nucleotides
  • Several enzymes and proteins (made during G1)
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16
Q

DNA polymerase adds to which DNA end?

A

3’ end

DNA is always built from 5’ to 3’

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17
Q

Which way are DNA template strands read?

A

3’ to 5’

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18
Q

Does DNA polymerase initiate polynucleotide synthesis?

A

NO, other enzymes do this using an RNA primer

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19
Q

What are the 1-2 steps of DNA replication?

A
  1. DNA helicase unzips DNA
  2. Single Strand Binding Protein stabilizes broken DNA strands (STICKY)
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20
Q

What are the steps for leading strand DNA synthesis?

A

3a. RNA primase makes RNA primer for DNA leading strand
3b. DNA polymerase moves towards the fork and makes DNA 5’ to 3’

21
Q

What are the steps for lagging strand DNA synthesis?

A

4a. RNA Primase makes RNA primer for lagging strand
4b. DNA polymerase makes DNA away from the fork going 5’ to 3’
4c. Repeat steps previous steps (primer –> extend –> unwind)

lagging strand always moves away from the fork in many pieces called Okazaki fragments

22
Q

How do you join Okazaki fragments?

A

via hydrolytic enzymes
enzymes remove RNA fragments and extend Okazaki fragment through the primer

Ligase will join the missing section of DNA via a covalent bond

23
Q

Summarize the steps of DNA synthesis by concept only

A
  1. Helicase
  2. Single Strand Binding Protein

Leading Strand
3a. Primase
3b. Leading strand synthesis

Lagging strand
4a. Primase
4b. Lagging strand synthesis
5. primer placement
6. DNA ligase

24
Q

What are the rules of DNA code?

A
  1. codons must occur in series
  2. codons cannot overlap
25
Q

Transcription turns _____ into ______

A

DNA (a gene), RNA (mRNA)

26
Q

Translation turns ______ into ______

A

RNA (mRNA), Protein

27
Q

What is a codon

A

A specific 3 nucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA that corresponds to an amino acid

28
Q

What are the stop codons? What are the start codons? Why is the start codon different?

A

Stop- UAA, UGA, UAG
Start- AUG which can also encode for amino acid methionine

29
Q

Who uses genetic code?

A

Everyone!! Genetic code is universal

30
Q

Compare replication and transcription in relation to gene copying

A

Replication- copies entire chromosome
Transcription- copies specific regions of DNA, often a single gene

31
Q

How is a gene copied?

A

By complementary base pairing

32
Q

Define transcription and how RNA polymerase is used

A
  1. Separates DNA strands
  2. ONE strand is chosen by RNA polymerase to be the template strand (the one that runs 3’ to 5’)

RNA polymerase
- adds to 3’ end (built 5’ to 3’)
- can initiate chain synthesis, no primer needed
- unwinds DNA, no helicase

33
Q

What is a promoter?

A

Tells RNA polymerase which strand is the template strand and tells it where to start

34
Q

What is a terminator?

A

Ends the transcription sequence and tells RNA Polymerase to stop

35
Q

Is there semi-conservation in transcription?

A

NO, DNA is 100% conserved RNA polymerase unwinds and rewinds DNA

36
Q

Where does transcription occur? What about translation?

A

Transcription- nucleus
Translation- cytosol (ribosomes)

37
Q

Translation is different because mRNA is read _____ and builds proteins ______

A

Read- 5’ to 3’
Built- 5’ to 3’

38
Q

How do tRNA’s recognize codons?

A

tRNA’s are L shaped
- carry a 3 nucleotide sequence that is the complement of the specific codon (anticodon)
- carry the amino acid encoded by the codon and recognize it

39
Q

How is tRNA held together?

A

Intramolecular base pairs hyrdogen bond

40
Q

If a tRNA had code AAG (anticodon), what would the codon be?

A

UUC

41
Q

When an amino acid is attached to a tRNA, what does it become?

A

Aminoacyl tRNA

42
Q

How is the correct amino acid joined to tRNA?

A

A special set of enzymes joins each tRNA with the correct amino acid by a covalent bond

tRNA synthetases

43
Q

How many tRNA synthetases are there?

A

20, for every amino acid

44
Q

Ribosomes contain a _____ for the mRNA to pass through

A

passage and building sites

45
Q

What are the 3 things a ribosome does in translation?

A
  1. Facilitates base pairing between codon and anticodon
  2. Catalyzes the dehydration reaction and joins amino acids covalently
  3. Maintains the frame of reading
46
Q

What is needed to make a protein?

A
  1. mRNA
  2. a SET of aminoacyl tRNA’s to complement all the different codons
  3. a ribosome
47
Q

What are the basics of translation?

A
  1. decodes mRNA from 5’ to 3’
  2. builds polypeptide from N to C
  3. initiates at start codon AUG
  4. shifts along one codon at a time
  5. terminates at the stop codon
48
Q

Where do tRNA’s and rRNA’s come from?

A

Transcription

49
Q

What is a gene?

A

A region of DNA encoding either a polypeptide or an RNA (tRNA and rRNA)

Biology 1 (9 decks)

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