Ch. 6 Review Flashcards
Why do cells have membranes?
It’s a barrier to maintain internal chemistry of the cell
CELL WALL DOESN’T DO THIS
Membranes have…
Functionality
Membranes allow cells to ______ with each other because they have ______
Communicate, receptors
Do bacteria have internal compartments?
NO
Which organelles have 2 membranes?
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Nuclear pores allow…
RNA to leave the nucleus, its where the two membranes come together
Where are proteins made in the cell?
Ribosomes
What two macromolecules compose a ribosome
Polypeptides and rRNA (nucleic acids)
A ribosome is a ______ complex
Macromolecule
What organelles are in the EMS
ER (rough and smooth), golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, the cell membrane
Define the characteristics of the Rough ER
-Covered in ribosomes
-contains chaperones
-Site of protein synthesis
Chaperones can help?
Proteins fold
Proteins in the Rough ER can either…
Stay in the rough ER or leave in a transport vesiscle
Define the Smooth ER
-no ribsomes
-makes lipids (all kinds)
-detoxifies drugs
-stores glycogen
What cell would be rich in SER
Liver cells
The golgi contains a unique set of _____
Enzymes in its flattened sacs
Golgi receives vesicles from the _____
ER
Vesicles in the golgi are transmitted _____ the golgi
Through
Vesicles that move through the golgi are?
Chemically modified, this is the final stage of activating a protein
The golgi’s essential function is
modifying and activating proteins then preparing them for shipment elsewhere
Where do vesicles leaving the golgi go?
- go to the cell membrane so the cell membrane can GROW
(secretion) - goes to lysosomes
EMS is a way to ____
Export cell products outside the cell
Lysosomes contain…
Hydrolytic enzymes to do hydrolysis (break down molecules)
Lysosomes can fuse with…
vesicles/food vacuoles originating from the plasma membrane
Food vacuoles bud ____ from the cell membrane
IN
Plant vacuoles increase…
The surface area to volume ratio of cells
Name two cell types that make food vacuoles
Amoebas and macrophages
Autophagy allows..
organelles to be recycled
Why dont lysosomal enzymes digest the ER
Because the enzymes are turned off until they reach the lysosome
What do lysosomes have to do with the GI tract
NOTHING
Proteins sent to lysosomes become what?
Lysosomal enzymes
What cells would be rich in ER and Golgi
important in cells that make and export molecular products
Ex. gland cells, B-Cells
Can cells have more than one golgi and ER?
YES
Bound ribosomes make proteins for…
Proteins made for secretion
-ER
-Golgi
-Lysosome
-cell membrane
Free ribosomes make proteins for
-cytosol
-mitochondria and chloroplasts
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ____ and are ______
DNA and are semi autonomous
What cells would be rich in mitochondria?
Muscle cells
Mitochondria use _____ to make _____
sugar to make ATP
Chloroplasts use _____ to make ______
light to make sugar
Chloroplasts may be rich in what kind of cells
leaves
What gives shells their shapes?
The cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is…
-A network of fibers spanning the cytosol
-gives cells their shape
Cytoskeleton is made of what?
Protein
Cytoskeleton provides what
motility and transport
The cytoskeleton is ________
Dynamic
Cytoskeleton is made of what three fibers
-Microfilaments
-Intermediate filaments
-Microtubles
Microfilaments functions are what? Found where? It’s made of what?
-create pseudopodia
-cytoplasmic streaming
-muscle contraction
Found in animal cell division (contractile ring)
Actin
Intermediate filaments functions are what? Its made of what?
-gives shape and support to the NUCLEUS
-main structural component of hair/nails and claws/horns/hooves
Keratin
Microtubules function is what? What is it made of?
-guide vesicle movement
-cause flagella/cilia to beat
-cell division (centrosomes)
Tubulin
Animal cells keep their solutes _____
Balanced
Cell walls functions are what?
-prevent cells from excessive water uptake
-gives support and form in multicellular organisms
What organisms are cell walls found in?
plants, prokaryotes, fungi, some protists
What are the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic- very small, (1-10mm), no nucleus, no organelles, free floating DNA
eukaryotic- very large (10-100mm), membrane bound organelles, nuclear envelope
Surface area to volume ratio is small when a cell is…
large
Surface area to volume ratio is large when a cell is….
small
The ratio of surface area and volume does not
increase proportionally
Central vacuoles increase what…
cytosolic volume
What are 2 proteins in the plasma membrane
- receptors
- transport proteins
