ch 9. respiratory system Flashcards
The respiratory system is?
the body system brings oxygen from the air into the body for delivery via the blood to the cells
Respiratory is?
the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the atmosphere and the body cells
Ventilation means?
The mechanical process of breathing - Intake of fresh air
The upper respiratory tract includes?
Nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx
The lower respiratory tract includes?
Trachea ( some books put into upper respiratory tract), bronchial tree, and lungs
Nas/o and rhin/o are combining forms for?
Nose
The nose consists of ?
Nose and nostrils or nares
Endotherms?
Warm-blooded animals
Nasal turbinates or concave do what?
Warms, humidifys and filters air
Two nasal turbinates,the _______and_______ separate the nasal cavity into 2 cavities.
Each passage is called a ________.
Dorsal and ventral
Meatus
Meat/o means?
Opening or passage
What is a nasogastric tube?
a tube that passes through the nose down through the stomach
Where is the nasogastric tube placed?
Through the ventral nasal meatus
The rostral part of the nostrils and nasal cavity are called?
vestibule
The combining form Sept/o means?
partition
A sinus is a?
Air-filled or fluid-filled space in bone
Sinuses do what?
generate and store mucus, makes the bones of the skull lighter
Combining form sinus/o?
Sinus
Frontal sinus is located?
Between nasal cavity and orbit
Maxillary sinus is located?
Between nasal cavities
Sphenoid sinus is found in what species and located where?
feline, bovine, equine, swine and located at sphenoid bone; opens to nasal cavity
Palatine sinus is found in what species and located where?
Ruminants, equine and located at palatine bone; communicates with maxillary sinus
Lacrimal sinus is found in what species and located where?
swine, ruminants and located at the lacrimal bone
Conchal sinus is found in what species and located where?
Swine, ruminants, equine and formed by enclosure of conchae
What is the larynx?
The area between the pharynx and trachea
The pharynx has three divisions?
Nasopharynx, oropharyx, laryngopharynx
What is nasopharynx?
Portion of the throat posterior to the nasal cavity and above (dorsal to) the soft palate
What is laryngopharynx?
Portion of the throat below the epigottis that opens into the voicebox and esophagus
Oropharynx?
Portion of the throat between the soft palate and epigottis
Combining form palat/o?
Palate
Combining form pharyng/o?
Pharynx
Pharynx is commonly called?
The throat
What does the soft palate do during swallowing?
The soft palate moves dorsally and caudally to block the nasopharynx
what does the soft palate prevent?
Food from entering the nasal cavity
What does the epigottis do during swallowing?
Covers the larynx, prevents food from entering the larynx and trachea, allows food to enter the esophagus
Combining form for epiglottis?
Epiglott/o
Combining form for larynx?
Laryng/o
The larynx is commonly called?
Vocal cords
The space between the vocal cords is called?
The glottis - tube that air moves through
What is the lower respiratory tract?
Structures that form the bronchial tree
What are the structures of the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea (sometimes in upper respiratory tract), bronchi,bronchioles, and alveoli
Combining form for glottis is?
glott/o
Area between the pharynx and trachea?
Larynx
Larynx contains the ________ __________.
vocal cords
What extends from the neck and passes from the larynx to the respiratory structures in the thoracic cavity?
The trachae
The trachea is commonly called the _____ ______.
windpipe(extends from the neck to the chest
The combining form for trachea is?
Trache/o
The trachea contains?
C-shaped cartilagenous rings
The trachea divides into two branches at the tracheal bifurcation to form?
bronchi
Combining form for bronchi is?
bronch/o
What is singular form of bronchi?
bronchus
Bronchi continue to get smaller in diameter until they become?
bronchioles
Bronchioles contain?
cartilage
Combining form for bronchioles?
bronchiol/o
The suffix-ole means?
small
The clustered sacs at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs are called?
Alveoli
Combining form for alveoli?
Alveol/o
Oxygen diffuses into the blood, carbon dioxide diffuses into ________.
alveoli
What does the surfactant in alveoli do?
helps to prevent collapsing of each alveoli during exhalation
Alveoli contain liquid that reduces alveolar_______ ___________
surface tension
Where is the thoracic cavity?
Contained in the ribs, cranial to the diaphragm, and caudal to the neck
Cost/o means?
ribs
Thorac/o means?
chest
-thorax means?
chest
________ means pertaining to between the ribs.
Intercostal
The______ is the main organ of respiration.
lung
There are two lungs (right and left) that are composed of divisions called…
Lobes
Lob/o means?
lobe
Word parts for air or lung is?
Pneum/o, pneumon/o, pneu-
Word parts for lung is?
pulm/o, pulmon/o
What is the pleura?
a membraneous sac that the the lung is encased in
Combining form for membrane surrounding the lung is?
pleur/o
The plural form of pleura is?
pleurae
There are two layers with the pleural space in between, what are they?
Parietal pleura and visceral pleura
parietal pleura is?
is the outer layer of the membrane lining the inner wall of the thoracic cavity
visceral pleura is?
the inner layer of the membrane lining the outside of the lung
Pleural space is?
the potential space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura
What does the pleural fluid do?
prevents friction when the membranes rub together during respiration and provides adhesive force to keep the lungs in contact with the chest wall as it expands during inspiration.
What is the diaphragm?
muscle that separates the thoracic and peritoneal cavities
Combining form for diaphragm is?
diaphragmat/o
The region between the lungs is called the?
mediastinum
During inspiration (breathing in), the diaphragm ________ drawing downward, creating a vacuum in the thoracic cavity. This vacuum inflates the lungs by drawing air into the body through the trachea. During normal expiration (breathing out), the diaphragm _______ allowing the air to flow out as the lungs deflate.
contracts
relaxes
dia- means?
across
Combining form phragm/o means?
wall
Combining forms that mean diaphragm are?
diaphragmat/o and phren/o
What is a diaphragmatic hernia?
an abnormal displacment of organs through the muscle separating the chest and abdomen
Inhalation is ?
the drawing in of a breath
Exhalation is?
the release of a breath
-pnea means
breathing
ox/i, ox/o, ox/y means?
oxygen
capn/o means?
carbon dioxide
Apnea means
absence of breathing
Expiration is another term for?
release of breath
Combining form for spir/o also means?
breath or breathing
dyspnea means?
difficult or labored breathing
bradypnea?
abnormally slow respiration
tachypnea?
abnormally rapid respiratory rates
hyperpnea?
abnormal increase in the rate and depth of respirations
hypopnea?
abnormally slow or shallow respirations
hyperventilation?
abnormally rapid deep breathing,which results in decreased levels of cellular carbon dioxide
hyperventilation?
abnormally rapid deep breathing, which results in decreased levels of cellular carbon dioxide.
Is also an abnormal increase in the rate or depth of breathing
agonal breathing?
respirations near death or during extreme suffering
hypoxia refers to?
an inadequate supply of oxygen to tissue despite an adequate blood supply
Hypercapnia?
refers to excessive amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood
respiratory acidosis?
when an excessive amount of carbon dioxide is in the blood due to decreased ventilation which can lower the pH of blood
respiratory alkalosis?
when carbon dioxide levels are abnormally low due to increased ventilation
Auscultation?
act of listening
What is evaluated upon auscultation?
Respiratory rhythm, rate, and sound
bubbling?
sound of popping bubbles that suggests fluid accumulation
crepitation?
find or coarse interrupted crackling noises coming from collapsed or fluid-filled alveoli during inspiration; also called rales or crackles
decreased lung sounds?
less or no sound of air movement, suggesting consolidation of lung tissue
respiratory rate?
number of respirations per minute.
Rhonchi?
abnormal, continuous, musical, high-pitched whistling sounds heard during inspiration; also called wheezes
stridor?
snoring, squeaking, whistling, that suggests airway narrowing
tidal volume?
amount of air exchanged during normal respiration (air inhaled and exhaled in one breath)
Inspiratory reserve volume?
amount of air inspired over the tidal volume (extra amount that could be inhaled after normal inspiration)
expiratory reserve volume?
amount of air expired over the tidal volume (extra amount that could be exhaled after normal expiration)
residual volume?
air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration (amount of air trapped in alveoli)
Dead space?
air in the pathway of the respiratory system (termed dead because this air is not currently participating in gas exchange)
bronchoalveolar lavage?
collection of fluid or mucus from the bronchi and/or alveoli via an endoscope or through an endotracheal tube inserted as far down the trachea caudally as possible before infusing fluid and aspirating a sample
bronchoscopy?
visual examination of the bronchus.
thoracocentesis?
puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity. Also called thoracentesis
upper respiratory infection (URI)?
invasion of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, or larynx (or trachea) by pathogenic organisms
Signs of upper respriatory infection (URI)
cough, nasal and ocular discharge, dyspnea, and respiratory noise
What is a cough?
sudden, noisy expulsion of air from the lungs
coughs may be paroxysmal which is?
spasmlike and sudden
Tuss/i is the combining form for?
cough
endotracheal intubation?
passage of a tube through the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx into the windpipe.
patent airway?
open, unobstructed, or not closed
tracheostomy?
surgical creation of an opening into the windpipe (usually involves insertion and placement of a tube)
tracheotomy?
surgical incision into the windpipe
asphyxiation?
interruption of breathing resulting in lack of oxygen; also called suffocation
Atelectasis?
incomplete expansion of the bronchi.
sequela means?
a condition following as a consequence of a disease
bronchitis?
inflammation of the bronchi
cyanosis?
abnormal condition of blue discoloration
diaphragmatic hernia?
abnormal opening in the diaphragm that allows part of the abdominal organs to migrate into the chest cavity
epistaxis?
nosebleed
hemothorax?
accumulation of blood in the chest cavity
laryngospasm?
sudden fluttering or closure of the voice box
pneumonia?
abnormal condition of the lung that usually involves inflammation and congestion of the lung
pneumothorax?
abnormal accumulation of air or gas in the chest cavity
pulmonary edema?
accumulation of fluid in the lung tissue
bronchoconstrictors?
substances that narrow the openings into the lung
bronchodilators?
substances that expand the openings into the lung
Mucolytics?
substances used to break down
-lysis means
break down or separate
antitussives?
substances used to control or prevent coughing
-tussi means?
cough
pyothorax?
accumulation of pus in the chest cavity
percussion?
tapping various body surfaces with the finger or an instrument to determine sound density
