ch 9. respiratory system Flashcards
1
Q
The respiratory system is?
A
the body system brings oxygen from the air into the body for delivery via the blood to the cells
2
Q
Respiratory is?
A
the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the atmosphere and the body cells
3
Q
Ventilation means?
A
The mechanical process of breathing - Intake of fresh air
4
Q
The upper respiratory tract includes?
A
Nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx
5
Q
The lower respiratory tract includes?
A
Trachea ( some books put into upper respiratory tract), bronchial tree, and lungs
6
Q
Nas/o and rhin/o are combining forms for?
A
Nose
7
Q
The nose consists of ?
A
Nose and nostrils or nares
8
Q
Endotherms?
A
Warm-blooded animals
9
Q
Nasal turbinates or concave do what?
A
Warms, humidifys and filters air
10
Q
Two nasal turbinates,the _______and_______ separate the nasal cavity into 2 cavities.
Each passage is called a ________.
A
Dorsal and ventral
Meatus
11
Q
Meat/o means?
A
Opening or passage
12
Q
What is a nasogastric tube?
A
a tube that passes through the nose down through the stomach
13
Q
Where is the nasogastric tube placed?
A
Through the ventral nasal meatus
14
Q
The rostral part of the nostrils and nasal cavity are called?
A
vestibule
15
Q
The combining form Sept/o means?
A
partition
16
Q
A sinus is a?
A
Air-filled or fluid-filled space in bone
17
Q
Sinuses do what?
A
generate and store mucus, makes the bones of the skull lighter
18
Q
Combining form sinus/o?
A
Sinus
19
Q
Frontal sinus is located?
A
Between nasal cavity and orbit
20
Q
Maxillary sinus is located?
A
Between nasal cavities
21
Q
Sphenoid sinus is found in what species and located where?
A
feline, bovine, equine, swine and located at sphenoid bone; opens to nasal cavity
22
Q
Palatine sinus is found in what species and located where?
A
Ruminants, equine and located at palatine bone; communicates with maxillary sinus
23
Q
Lacrimal sinus is found in what species and located where?
A
swine, ruminants and located at the lacrimal bone
24
Q
Conchal sinus is found in what species and located where?
A
Swine, ruminants, equine and formed by enclosure of conchae
25
What is the larynx?
The area between the pharynx and trachea
26
The pharynx has three divisions?
Nasopharynx, oropharyx, laryngopharynx
27
What is nasopharynx?
Portion of the throat posterior to the nasal cavity and above (dorsal to) the soft palate
28
What is laryngopharynx?
Portion of the throat below the epigottis that opens into the voicebox and esophagus
29
Oropharynx?
Portion of the throat between the soft palate and epigottis
30
Combining form palat/o?
Palate
31
Combining form pharyng/o?
Pharynx
32
Pharynx is commonly called?
The throat
33
What does the soft palate do during swallowing?
The soft palate moves dorsally and caudally to block the nasopharynx
34
what does the soft palate prevent?
Food from entering the nasal cavity
35
What does the epigottis do during swallowing?
Covers the larynx, prevents food from entering the larynx and trachea, allows food to enter the esophagus
36
Combining form for epiglottis?
Epiglott/o
37
Combining form for larynx?
Laryng/o
38
The larynx is commonly called?
Vocal cords
39
The space between the vocal cords is called?
The glottis - tube that air moves through
40
What is the lower respiratory tract?
Structures that form the bronchial tree
41
What are the structures of the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea (sometimes in upper respiratory tract), bronchi,bronchioles, and alveoli
42
Combining form for glottis is?
glott/o
43
Area between the pharynx and trachea?
Larynx
44
Larynx contains the ________ __________.
vocal cords
45
What extends from the neck and passes from the larynx to the respiratory structures in the thoracic cavity?
The trachae
46
The trachea is commonly called the _____ ______.
windpipe(extends from the neck to the chest
47
The combining form for trachea is?
Trache/o
48
The trachea contains?
C-shaped cartilagenous rings
49
The trachea divides into two branches at the tracheal bifurcation to form?
bronchi
50
Combining form for bronchi is?
bronch/o
51
What is singular form of bronchi?
bronchus
52
Bronchi continue to get smaller in diameter until they become?
bronchioles
53
Bronchioles contain?
cartilage
54
Combining form for bronchioles?
bronchiol/o
55
The suffix-ole means?
small
56
The clustered sacs at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs are called?
Alveoli
57
Combining form for alveoli?
Alveol/o
58
Oxygen diffuses into the blood, carbon dioxide diffuses into ________.
alveoli
59
What does the surfactant in alveoli do?
helps to prevent collapsing of each alveoli during exhalation
60
Alveoli contain liquid that reduces alveolar_______ ___________
surface tension
61
Where is the thoracic cavity?
Contained in the ribs, cranial to the diaphragm, and caudal to the neck
62
Cost/o means?
ribs
63
Thorac/o means?
chest
64
-thorax means?
chest
65
________ means pertaining to between the ribs.
Intercostal
66
The______ is the main organ of respiration.
lung
67
There are two lungs (right and left) that are composed of divisions called...
Lobes
68
Lob/o means?
lobe
69
Word parts for air or lung is?
Pneum/o, pneumon/o, pneu-
70
Word parts for lung is?
pulm/o, pulmon/o
71
What is the pleura?
a membraneous sac that the the lung is encased in
72
Combining form for membrane surrounding the lung is?
pleur/o
73
The plural form of pleura is?
pleurae
74
There are two layers with the pleural space in between, what are they?
Parietal pleura and visceral pleura
75
parietal pleura is?
is the outer layer of the membrane lining the inner wall of the thoracic cavity
76
visceral pleura is?
the inner layer of the membrane lining the outside of the lung
77
Pleural space is?
the potential space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura
78
What does the pleural fluid do?
prevents friction when the membranes rub together during respiration and provides adhesive force to keep the lungs in contact with the chest wall as it expands during inspiration.
79
What is the diaphragm?
muscle that separates the thoracic and peritoneal cavities
80
Combining form for diaphragm is?
diaphragmat/o
81
The region between the lungs is called the?
mediastinum
82
During inspiration (breathing in), the diaphragm ________ drawing downward, creating a vacuum in the thoracic cavity. This vacuum inflates the lungs by drawing air into the body through the trachea. During normal expiration (breathing out), the diaphragm _______ allowing the air to flow out as the lungs deflate.
contracts
| relaxes
83
dia- means?
across
84
Combining form phragm/o means?
wall
85
Combining forms that mean diaphragm are?
diaphragmat/o and phren/o
86
What is a diaphragmatic hernia?
an abnormal displacment of organs through the muscle separating the chest and abdomen
87
Inhalation is ?
the drawing in of a breath
88
Exhalation is?
the release of a breath
89
-pnea means
breathing
90
ox/i, ox/o, ox/y means?
oxygen
91
capn/o means?
carbon dioxide
92
Apnea means
absence of breathing
93
Expiration is another term for?
release of breath
94
Combining form for spir/o also means?
breath or breathing
95
dyspnea means?
difficult or labored breathing
96
bradypnea?
abnormally slow respiration
97
tachypnea?
abnormally rapid respiratory rates
98
hyperpnea?
abnormal increase in the rate and depth of respirations
99
hypopnea?
abnormally slow or shallow respirations
100
hyperventilation?
abnormally rapid deep breathing,which results in decreased levels of cellular carbon dioxide
101
hyperventilation?
abnormally rapid deep breathing, which results in decreased levels of cellular carbon dioxide.
Is also an abnormal increase in the rate or depth of breathing
102
agonal breathing?
respirations near death or during extreme suffering
103
hypoxia refers to?
an inadequate supply of oxygen to tissue despite an adequate blood supply
104
Hypercapnia?
refers to excessive amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood
105
respiratory acidosis?
when an excessive amount of carbon dioxide is in the blood due to decreased ventilation which can lower the pH of blood
106
respiratory alkalosis?
when carbon dioxide levels are abnormally low due to increased ventilation
107
Auscultation?
act of listening
108
What is evaluated upon auscultation?
Respiratory rhythm, rate, and sound
109
bubbling?
sound of popping bubbles that suggests fluid accumulation
110
crepitation?
find or coarse interrupted crackling noises coming from collapsed or fluid-filled alveoli during inspiration; also called rales or crackles
111
decreased lung sounds?
less or no sound of air movement, suggesting consolidation of lung tissue
112
respiratory rate?
number of respirations per minute.
113
Rhonchi?
abnormal, continuous, musical, high-pitched whistling sounds heard during inspiration; also called wheezes
114
stridor?
snoring, squeaking, whistling, that suggests airway narrowing
115
tidal volume?
amount of air exchanged during normal respiration (air inhaled and exhaled in one breath)
116
Inspiratory reserve volume?
amount of air inspired over the tidal volume (extra amount that could be inhaled after normal inspiration)
117
expiratory reserve volume?
amount of air expired over the tidal volume (extra amount that could be exhaled after normal expiration)
118
residual volume?
air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration (amount of air trapped in alveoli)
119
Dead space?
air in the pathway of the respiratory system (termed dead because this air is not currently participating in gas exchange)
120
bronchoalveolar lavage?
collection of fluid or mucus from the bronchi and/or alveoli via an endoscope or through an endotracheal tube inserted as far down the trachea caudally as possible before infusing fluid and aspirating a sample
121
bronchoscopy?
visual examination of the bronchus.
122
thoracocentesis?
puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity. Also called thoracentesis
123
upper respiratory infection (URI)?
invasion of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, or larynx (or trachea) by pathogenic organisms
124
Signs of upper respriatory infection (URI)
cough, nasal and ocular discharge, dyspnea, and respiratory noise
125
What is a cough?
sudden, noisy expulsion of air from the lungs
126
coughs may be paroxysmal which is?
spasmlike and sudden
127
Tuss/i is the combining form for?
cough
128
endotracheal intubation?
passage of a tube through the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx into the windpipe.
129
patent airway?
open, unobstructed, or not closed
130
tracheostomy?
surgical creation of an opening into the windpipe (usually involves insertion and placement of a tube)
131
tracheotomy?
surgical incision into the windpipe
132
asphyxiation?
interruption of breathing resulting in lack of oxygen; also called suffocation
133
Atelectasis?
incomplete expansion of the bronchi.
134
sequela means?
a condition following as a consequence of a disease
135
bronchitis?
inflammation of the bronchi
136
cyanosis?
abnormal condition of blue discoloration
137
diaphragmatic hernia?
abnormal opening in the diaphragm that allows part of the abdominal organs to migrate into the chest cavity
138
epistaxis?
nosebleed
139
hemothorax?
accumulation of blood in the chest cavity
140
laryngospasm?
sudden fluttering or closure of the voice box
141
pneumonia?
abnormal condition of the lung that usually involves inflammation and congestion of the lung
142
pneumothorax?
abnormal accumulation of air or gas in the chest cavity
143
pulmonary edema?
accumulation of fluid in the lung tissue
144
bronchoconstrictors?
substances that narrow the openings into the lung
145
bronchodilators?
substances that expand the openings into the lung
146
Mucolytics?
substances used to break down
147
-lysis means
break down or separate
148
antitussives?
substances used to control or prevent coughing
149
-tussi means?
cough
150
pyothorax?
accumulation of pus in the chest cavity
151
percussion?
tapping various body surfaces with the finger or an instrument to determine sound density
