Ch. 9 Nucleic Acids ** Flashcards
Fourth major organic compound group the nucleic acids
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Nucleotide
_____ and _____ are _____ of a (smaller/larger) compound
Consists of a ______, ______ group, and:
DNA and RNA are polymers of a smaller compound
- consisting of sugar, phosphate group, and
A)(G)(C)(T)(U
hydrogen bonds
How _____ are held together
_______ bonds > _____ bonds
Hold each _____ together in its _____ = ?
How two DNA strands are held together
- covalent bonds (stronger than hydrogen bonds)
- hold each nucleotide together in its chain forming a sugar phosphate backbone in nucleic acids
Wilkins and Franklin
Used x-rays to determine the crystalline form of DNA to have a regular, repeating, helical shape
Xrays = DNA shape (regular, repeating, helical shape)
James Watson and Francis Crick
Put together a model that fit all the pertinent biochemical rules and facts discovered about DNA
*** Gene controls a hereditary trait and consists of a segment of the DNA component of chromosome
A specific section of DNA considered to be a gene is programmed with instructions that result in the formation of specific proteins
DNA has a high molecular weight and consists of
Consists of a 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose), Phosphoric acid, and four bases (2 of these (A)(G) and purines - the other two (T)(C) are pyrimidines
5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
- Phosphoric acid
4 bases (AGTC)
AG= purines
TC= pyrimidines
Graph
119
Semi-conservative
Each molecule consists of an original strand and a new strand
Transcription (1-4) ***
- template (Section of DNA) unzips exposing a sequence of DNA
- Nucleotides of RNA with complementary based attach to the exposed DNA bases
- Covalent bonds form between the RNA nucleotides
- A short single strand of mRNA detaches from the DNA and moves from the nucleus into the cytoplasm
- unzips
- RNA matched
- covalent bonds
- nucleus = cytoplasm
Translation (5&6)***
- mRNA attached to ribosomes (site of protein synthesis)
- tRBA molecules deliver amino acids to the ribosomes in the order specified by the mRNA codons until the specific protein (polypeptide) chain is complete
-ribosomes
Codon
Each ______ in a ______ (polypeptide) is identified by a ______ base _______ sequence
Each amino acids in a protein (polypeptide) is identified by a three base mRNA sequence
START and STOP codons
Addition to codons identifying amino acids, these codons begin and end the process if forming a specific protein molecule
- Start and stop codons begin and end the process of forming a specific protein molecule
Karyotype
Is a picture of one cells chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs
- chromosomes are arranged in pairs
Metacentric
A chromosome is considered this if the centromere is centrally located such that both halves of each chromatid are equal in length
