Ch. 9 Nucleic Acids ** Flashcards
Fourth major organic compound group the nucleic acids
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Nucleotide
_____ and _____ are _____ of a (smaller/larger) compound
Consists of a ______, ______ group, and:
DNA and RNA are polymers of a smaller compound
- consisting of sugar, phosphate group, and
A)(G)(C)(T)(U
hydrogen bonds
How _____ are held together
_______ bonds > _____ bonds
Hold each _____ together in its _____ = ?
How two DNA strands are held together
- covalent bonds (stronger than hydrogen bonds)
- hold each nucleotide together in its chain forming a sugar phosphate backbone in nucleic acids
Wilkins and Franklin
Used x-rays to determine the crystalline form of DNA to have a regular, repeating, helical shape
Xrays = DNA shape (regular, repeating, helical shape)
James Watson and Francis Crick
Put together a model that fit all the pertinent biochemical rules and facts discovered about DNA
*** Gene controls a hereditary trait and consists of a segment of the DNA component of chromosome
A specific section of DNA considered to be a gene is programmed with instructions that result in the formation of specific proteins
DNA has a high molecular weight and consists of
Consists of a 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose), Phosphoric acid, and four bases (2 of these (A)(G) and purines - the other two (T)(C) are pyrimidines
5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
- Phosphoric acid
4 bases (AGTC)
AG= purines
TC= pyrimidines
Graph
119
Semi-conservative
Each molecule consists of an original strand and a new strand
Transcription (1-4) ***
- template (Section of DNA) unzips exposing a sequence of DNA
- Nucleotides of RNA with complementary based attach to the exposed DNA bases
- Covalent bonds form between the RNA nucleotides
- A short single strand of mRNA detaches from the DNA and moves from the nucleus into the cytoplasm
- unzips
- RNA matched
- covalent bonds
- nucleus = cytoplasm
Translation (5&6)***
- mRNA attached to ribosomes (site of protein synthesis)
- tRBA molecules deliver amino acids to the ribosomes in the order specified by the mRNA codons until the specific protein (polypeptide) chain is complete
-ribosomes
Codon
Each ______ in a ______ (polypeptide) is identified by a ______ base _______ sequence
Each amino acids in a protein (polypeptide) is identified by a three base mRNA sequence
START and STOP codons
Addition to codons identifying amino acids, these codons begin and end the process if forming a specific protein molecule
- Start and stop codons begin and end the process of forming a specific protein molecule
Karyotype
Is a picture of one cells chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs
- chromosomes are arranged in pairs
Metacentric
A chromosome is considered this if the centromere is centrally located such that both halves of each chromatid are equal in length
Submetacentric
If the chromosome is not centrally located
Acrocentric
If the chromosome is submetacentric and sections of the chromatids on one side of the centromere are so short that they are hard to observe
Centromere
The point on a replicated chromosomes where the two sister chromatids attach together
Structure for DNA
- (single/double) stranded
- bases ____,____,___,____
- ________ as a sugar
- (short/large)
- location
- forms
- double stranded
- bases used: (T)(C)(A)(G)
- DEOXYRIBOSE as the sugar
- large
- stays in nucleus
- 1 primary form
Structure for RNA
- (single/double) stranded
- bases ____,____,___,____
- ________ as a sugar
- (short/large)
- location
- forms
- single stranded
- bases used: (U)(C)(A)(G)
- RIBOSE as sugar
- short
- RNA is made in nucleus and moves to cytoplasm
- 3 forms: mRNA (messenger RNA)
tRNA (transfer RNA)
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
