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Bio Lab (1010) > Ch. 6 and 7 ** > Flashcards

Ch. 6 and 7 ** Flashcards

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1
Q

Light dependent reactions (3)

  • during: ____
  • splits ____ molecules into =______
  • is possible due to ___ in ____
A
  • During photosynthesis
  • water molecules are split = oxygen molecules are released

Is possible due to chlorophyll found in the plants chloroplasts

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2
Q

Light independent reactions (2)

  • during: ______
  • uses_____and splits____molecules into=____
A
  • During photosynthesis

- use ATP and electrons split from water molecules = reduce carbon dioxide and form carbohydrate molecules

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3
Q

Oxygen (O2) ***

A

This gas is a byproduct of water splitting during the light reactions

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4
Q

Glucose (C6H12O6) ***

A
  • Is the carbohydrate product of photosynthesis
  • contains the chemical energy converted from sunlight and the fixed carbon from atmospheric CO2
  • glucose, contains the chemical energy converted from sunlight
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5
Q

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) ***

A

CO2 gas enters plant cells from the atmosphere. The carbon atoms are incorporated into organic sugar molecules

  • enters cell
  • carbon = organic sugar molecules
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6
Q

Water (H2O) ***

A

Water is split during the light reactions. Split water molecules release electrons that replace electrons lost by excited chlorophyll molecules

  • water is split
  • replaces lost electrons
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7
Q

Reactants of photosynthesis

A

Water

Carbon dioxide

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8
Q

Products of photosynthesis (3)

A

Oxygen
Water
Glucose

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9
Q

Organic molecules =

A

Food

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10
Q

Autotroph

A

Organism that MAKES organic molecules (food)

Ex: plant

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11
Q

Heterotroph

A

Organism that must obtain organic molecules from elsewhere (food)

Ex: bears

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12
Q

Cellular respiration (3)

  • is the :_____of ____ to make ____
  • the reverse of :_____
  • happens to: _______ during _____
A

Break down of organic molecules to make energy (ATP)

  • the reverse of photosynthesis
  • occurs in plants/animals day/night
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13
Q

Aerobic respiration

  • made from which 2 products of photosynthesis
    (_________ and __________)
  • products make Aerobic respiration possible =
A
  • Made from the two products of photosynthesis, OXYGEN and carbohydrates such as GLUCOSE
  • make aerobic cellular respiration possible and thus provide food for the entire world
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14
Q

Water + carbon dioxide *****

In the presence of radiant energy (light) and chlorophyll =

A

= oxygen + sugar + water

  • light provides the energy
  • chlorophyll serves the function of a catalyst
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15
Q

Visible light

A 
400- violet 
500 - blue / green
600- yellow / orange 
700 - orange / red 
750- red
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16
Q

Wavelengths (3)

A
  • are absorbed by the leaf
  • green wavelengths reflect off the leaf
  • absorbs red = reflects “green”
  • when sunlight hits the plant, the chlorophyll pigment in the leaf absorbs red and blur wavelengths of visible light and reflects the wavelengths that our eyes perceive as green
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17
Q

Why do colors of accessory chloroplast pigments become visible in autumn

A

Other accessory (non-green) chloroplasts pigments are present in leaves of green plants and play a secondary role in the photosynthetic process by capturing energy from wavelengths of light not captured by the chlorophylls.

When autumn’s cooler temperatures cause plants to reduce their production of chlorophyll, these pigments become visible and are responsible for the familiar colors of fall

Cold temps=less chlorophyll= visible pigments= fall colors

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18
Q

Soluble (dissolvable) pigments

Higher or lower on the paper?

A

Will be pulled higher than less soluble ones as the solvent diffused into the paper

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19
Q

Carotene

  • color
  • placement
A

The yellow - orange band moving along with the solvent front

(Highest one)

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20
Q

Xanthophylls

  • color
  • placement
A

The lighter yellow bands (there may be 2) just beneath the carotene

21
Q

Chlorophyll B

  • color
  • placement
A

The lowest band of yellow-green band

3rd highest one

22
Q

Chlorophyll A

  • color
  • placement
A

The uppermost bright blue-green band

Lowest one

23
Q

Air spaces within the leaf and specialized structures (stoma) are in the

A

In the epidermal layer on the surfaces of leaves permit movement of gases into and out of leaves. Stoma are more abundant on the lower surfaces of the leaves of most plants

  • epidermal layer
  • Allow movement of gases in and out of leaf
24
Q

Radius =

A

One half of the diameter

25
Q

Compensation point

A

The point at which the consumption of the carbohydrate (sugar) by a plant exactly matches the amount of sugar produced by the plant

Consumptions of carbohydrate(sugar)=
amount of sugar produced

26
Q

R

f

A

R = Distance pigment moved /

f Distance solvent moved

27
Q

Eukaryotic

  • how are they formed
  • members of what kingdoms (4)
A

All new cells are formed from pre existing cells.

Eukaryotic (members of:
• protist
• fungus
• plant
• animal kingdom      cells)
27
Q

Mitosis

  • ____of the ____
  • number of _____ remains the ______
  • ______=_______
  • _______=_______
A

Division of the nucleus

Chromosome number remains unchanged. Diploid cells give arise go identical diploid cells and haploid cells give rise to identical haploid cells

28
Q

Cytokinesis

  • (Before/after) mitosis
  • ____ of the cells _____
A

(After mitosis)

Division of the cells cytoplasm

29
Q

Mitosis and cytokinesis = (3)

A

Results in clones of the parent cells and provides multicellular organisms with a mechanism for repairing injuries to tissue and for overall growth of the organism. In eukaryotic organisms, this serves as a form of asexual reproduction.

= clones of parent cells
= repairing mechanisms (multicellular)
= asexual reproduction (eukaryotic)

30
Q

Interphase

A

(Most of a cells existence is spent in this phase)
- preparatory phase

  • during this, normal cellular metabolic reactions occurs and specialized functions of the cell are carried out, events that are preparatory to cell division happen in this phase also
31
Q

Subdivisions of interphase

A

G1
S
G2
G0 (sometimes)

32
Q

G1

A

(Gap 1)
Cell grows in size
Cyclin is produced

33
Q

S

A

(Synthesis)

Cells DNA id replicated

34
Q

G2

A

(Gap 2)

Cell synthesizes many proteins that will be needed during cell division while it continues to increase in mass

35
Q

M

A

(Not part of interphase)

Either mitosis or meiosis (types of nuclear divisions) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division) occur

36
Q

4 stages of M phase

A

PMAT

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

37
Q

G0

  • non dividing cells
A

In non dividing cells such as neurons, the cell cycle becomes arrested in G1, and enters G0

(Gap zero)

Non dividing cells may enter this phase for days, weeks, years; some will never enter an S period and thus never complete the cell cycle

38
Q

Study graph

A

Page 88

39
Q

Interphase ***

A

Chromosomes studied microscopically appear in the stained nucleus as thing, indistinguishable threads of chromatin, or decondensed DNA

Indistinguishable threads of chromatid

40
Q

Prophase (4)

____ condenses
_______ ______ breaks
______ move to _______ poles of the cell
______ fibers become visible

A
  • Chromatid condenses
  • Nuclear envelope breaks
  • Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell.
  • spindle fibers become visible
41
Q

Metaphase (2)

A
  • chromosomes, now appearing as sister chromatids joined by a centromere
  • centromere lined up in the middle of the cell

Chromosomes-> sister chromatids-> centromere in the middle of cell

42
Q

Anaphase (2)

A
  • simultaneous separation of the sister chromatids at their centromeres and the migration of the chromatids (now again called chromosomes) to opposite poles of the cell
  • Sister chromatids break at centromere
  • move to opposite poles of the cell
43
Q

Telophase (2)

A
  • Clearly visible formation of cell plate (a developing cell wall in plant cells) or cleavage furrow (inward folding of cell membrane in animal cells)
  • nuclear membrane reappears
  • formation of cell plate/cleavage furrow
  • nuclear membrane appears
44
Q

Graph

A

Page 90

45
Q

How is a cell plate formed **

A

As cytokinesis begins in plants cells, small vesicles produced by Golgi complexes are laid down between two daughter cells forming this partition

46
Q

Cleavage furrow formation **

A

As cytokinesis begins in anaphase and continues to telophase in animal cells, microfilaments beneath the plasma membrane begin to constrict the cell to form a pinched- in constriction around the cell

47
Q

Aster

(Animal/plant) cells

  • are ______ that ______ in all directions from the centrioles
  • plants do not have ____ but do organize a _____ _____
A
  • in animal cells
  • are microtubules that radiate in all directions from the centrioles
  • plants do not have identifiable centrioles, but do organize a spindle apparatus
48
Q

Blastula

A

Early embryonic stage consisting of a ball of dividing cells

Bio Lab (1010) (9 decks)

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