Ch. 8 Genetics**

Question 1

Gergor Mendel (5)

Answer 1

• green peas
• father of genetics
• principle of dominance
• principle of segregation
• principle of independent assortment

Question 2

principle of dominance

Dominant And recessive

Answer 2

• States that when two factors for a trait were present in the offspring, the one that is expressed is described as dominance
• the other factor is referred to as recessive since at times it appeared to recede into the background or “skip” generations.

Question 3

Factors

Answer 3

AKA as variations of a gene called alleles

-section on a chromosome

Question 4

*** Principle of Segregation

States that ______ (alleles) are ______ from one another during the formation of ______.

Each ________=_______ member from the pair of alleles

Answer 4

States that genes (alleles) are segregated (separated) from one another during the formation of gametes. That each gametes receives only one member from the pair of alleles

Question 5

Principle of Independent Assortment

Answer 5

States that during the process of segregation, the alleles are passed to the next generation independently (randomly) from one another

Question 6

*** Allele

Answer 6

Designates a particular base pair sequence in a DNA strand. It can be thought of as a variation in the form of a gene relating to the same trait

• individual organism usually possesses only 2 alleles, one from each of the parents of that individual
• in diploid organisms an allele is found on each of the two homologous chromosomes

Question 7

Homozygous

Answer 7

If the two alleles are identical
“Same”

homozygous dominant -AA
homozygous recessive- aa

Question 8

Heterozygous

Answer 8

With one allele homologue and the different allele on the other homologue is called hybrid

“Different” or “Aa”

Question 9

Doninant

Answer 9

If the appearance of a heterozygote is the same as that of a homozygote, then the allele common to both is considered to be dominant

Question 10

Recessive

Answer 10

The alleles whose presence is not evident in the physical appearance

Question 11

Genotype

Answer 11

The listing of the alleles of a gene present in an individual

Question 12

Phenotype

Answer 12

The description of an individuals appearance

Question 13

Punnett square

Answer 13

By R.C. Punnett

A grid system showing genotypes of parental gametes on the top and left side. The gametes are joined in the interal boxes (as fertilization) to result in the genotypes of possible offspring

Question 14

Multiple Alleles

Answer 14

Series of several alleles controlling the same trait

Question 15

Codominance

Answer 15

Both alleles presents in a heterozygote may show their effects simultaneously

Ex: Red & white flowers
= Red and White flower in one flower at once

Question 16

Incomplete dominance

Answer 16

Of this were in effect, the same parents would produce pink offspring

Ex: red and white flowers = pink flower (mixed)

Question 17

ABO blood types

Answer 17

Typify a multiple allele condition where codominance occurs

Question 18

Erythrocytes

Answer 18

Red blood cells

Question 19

Antibodies

Answer 19

Are substances produced by an organism to neutralize foreign bodies that are potentially harmful to the individual.

Question 20

Antigens

Answer 20

Foreign substances that cause the formation of and/or react with antibodies

Question 21

** Highlights and graphs

Answer 21

Page 107-108

Question 22

Pedigree charts

Answer 22

Show inheritance patterns within a family and can be used to
• determine if a disorder is caused by a recessive, dominant, or sex link allele
• the likelihood that an offspring will have the disorder

Square= male Circle= female Dark=disorder

• disorder is recessive, dominant, or sex allele
• likelihood of getting disorder

Question 23

Sex linked alleles

Answer 23

Are symbolized along with the chromosome on which they are located

Question 24

*** Highlights

Answer 24

Pg. 112