ch. 9. minerals. Flashcards
1
Q
what way do mineral differ from vitamins?
A
- chemistry
- absorption
- metabolism
- excretion
2
Q
what are 2 ways that minerals are classified?
A
- relative quantity required. (how much consumed)
- physiological function.
3
Q
what are the 7 macominerals?
A
- potassium
- chloride
- sodium
- calcium
- phosphorus
- magnesium
- sulfur
4
Q
name the microminerals?
A
- iron
- zinc
- mangasese
- copper
- iodine
- selenium
- molybdenum
- chromium
- cobalt
5
Q
what are the 6 functional classifications of minerals?
A
- bone (& tooth) formation
- electrolyte function.
- pH balance
- enzyme function
- intracellular signalling & secretion. (neurotransmitter, enzyme, hormone release. Ca2+ plays an important role in these to happen.)
- immune system function
- gas transport
6
Q
CALCIUM
- what is the RDA & UL?
- major functions of Ca2+?
- what are some deficiency of Ca2+?
- hypercalciuria is what?
A
- 1000mg & 2500mg
- mineralization of bones and teeth
- muscle contraction
- nerve conduction
- secretion of hormones, enzymes, neurons. transm. - rickets in kids, deformed bones
- osteomalacia & osteoporosis, fragile & brittle bones. - development of calcium containing kidney stones.
7
Q
what is the role of copper?
A
- containing enzymes, and hemoglobin synthesis.
8
Q
CHROMIUM
- what are the major functions?
- what is a health promotion?
A
- enhance insulin sensitivity.
- component of glucose tolerance factor
- energy metabolism - may improve glycemic control in those with type 2 diabetes.
9
Q
FLURINE
- major functions
- deficiency’s
- symptoms of toxicity
- health promotion
A
- component of bones and teeth
- dental caries
- osteoporosis - mottled teeth
- reduced dental decay
- greater bone strength
10
Q
IODINE
- major functions?
- deficiency?
- food sources?
A
- synthesis of thyroid hormones
- loiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland)
- iodized salt, saltwater fish.
11
Q
IRON
- what is the recommended RDA?
- major functions?
- symptoms of deficiency?
- symptoms of toxicity?
A
- 8-18mg
- hemoglobin component
- cellular oxygenation
immune system function - fatigue
- reduced resistance to infection - gastrointestinal distress
- iron poisoning
- hemochromatosis.
12
Q
MAGNESIUM
- functions of Mg?
- symptoms of toxicity?
A
- bone formation
- enzyme compnent - diarrhea
(occurs Fromm supplementation only.
13
Q
POTASSIUM
- functions?
- symptom deficiencies?
- symptoms of toxicity?
A
- intracellular cation
- hypokalemia (low blood potassium)
- hypertension - hyperkalema (high blood potassium.
14
Q
SODIUM
- main functions?
- symptom deficiencies?
- symptoms toxicity?
A
- extracellular cation
- fluid balance - uncommon. known as hyponatremia when it does.
- elevated blood pressure.
15
Q
what are the mechanisms for maintaining mineral homeostasis?
A
- absorption
- metabolism
- storage capacity
16
Q
name the 11 factors influencing mineral absorption?
A
- age
- biological sex
- life stages
- genetics
- general health & gastrointestinal health
- presence of deficiency state
- amount of mineral consumed
- presence of competing minerals
- consumption with food.
- effects of other compounds in foods.
- inhibit absorption = charting agent
- enhance absorption - chemical from mineral
17
Q
what are 2 risk factors of mineral toxicity?
A
- increased fortification of food
- increased supplement use.
18
Q
what are 2 subclinical iron and calcium deficiencies?
A
- iron deficiency w/o anemia
- osteopenia (low bone mineral density)
19
Q
what are 2 clinical industrialized countries?
A
- iron deficiency anemia
- osteoporosis
20
Q
what are the 7 minerals involved in bone mineralization?
what are the 3 vitamins involved with bone formation?
A
- calcium
- phosporus
- fluoride
- magnesium
- zinc
- iron
- copper
- vitamin D
- regulation of Ca2+ absorption and excretion - vitamin K
- incorporation of Ca2+ into hydroxyapatite - vitamin C
- collagen synthesis
21
Q
what are the functions of bones?
A
- structural
- skeletal support
- movement
- organ protection - homeostatic
- mineral homeostasis
- pH balance. (P can be taken from bone if their is no P being used by the body from bones.)
22
Q
what are 2 things that peak mineral density critical for in long term health?
A
- skeletal integrity
- mineral homeostasis & pH balance.
23
Q
what are the four factors that affect PMD?
A
- genetic factors
- male, female, ethnicity - mechanical factors
- body weight, physical activity, strength exercuise - endocrine factors
- estrogen, IGF-1 - nutritional factor
- Ca2+
- vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
- protein
- total energy
24
Q
what are the 3 ways in which Ca2+ metabolism is effected?
A
- increase Ca2+ (absorption)
- reduce Ca2+ (excretion)
- improves Ca2+ retention in bone tissue)
25
what are 3 factors of the female athlete triad?
- eating disorder or low energy avalible
- altered menstrual cycles
- decreased bone mineral density.
26
what are 2 main symptoms of the female athlete triad?
- oligomenorrhea (irregular cycles)
- amenorrhea (cessation of menstruation)
27
what are 4 ways that athletic amenorrhea can be treated?
- reduce training by 10-20%
- gradually increase total energy intake
- increase body weight 2-3%
- maintain Ca2+ intake of 1500mg/ day.
28
in calcium, what is elemental calcium?
- this is how much of a compound is calcium. for example in CaCO3, 40% is Ca2+ and 60% is carbonate. that 40% is known as the essential calcium
29
what are the forms of calcium supplementation?
- calcium carbonate
- calcium citrate
- calcium glutinate
- calcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite
30
___________ is critical for gas transportation in __________
1. iron
2. hemoglobin
31
hemoglobin is a metalloprotein, what is it composed of?
- 4 protein chains
2 a-globin +2 B-globin
32
Ferritin is what?
- this is iron that is storage.
33
what kind of meat could have the most myoglobin?
- dark meat
34
what are the 5 causes of iron deficiency?
- low iron intake
- low iron absorption
- gastrointestinal bleeding
- heavy training volume
- menstruation
35
what is anemia?
1. what is the difference between sub and clinical iron deficiency?
- reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.
1. subclinical is a iron deficiency w/o anemia
and clinical is a iron deficiency anemia.
36
what blood tests can help detect iron deficiency?
- hematocrit (proportion of RBC in blood plasma)
- hemoglobin (iron-concentration protein in RBC)
- ferritin (amount of iron stored)
37
what is dilutional anemia?
- hematocrit drops due to increased plasma volume
38
what does iron deficiency impair during athletic performance?
- aerobic capacity
IRON interferes w/ ATP which decreases the production of ATP
- endurance capacity
Fe utilizes O2.
BC Fe utilizes O2 it affects cytochrome C which plays a role in the ETC and ATP production
39
what is the difference between the 2 different heme sources of iron?
HEME
- these are iron sources that come from animals which are easier for our body to absorb.
NON-HEME
- these are plant based sources of iron, which are poorly absorbed.
40
1. what is hemochromatosis?
2. what organs does hemochromatosis effect?
1. overaccumulation of iron (iron overload)
2. liver, heart, endocrine organs
