ch. 8, vitamins Flashcards
1
Q
what are 2 ways vitamins can be classified?
A
- solubility
- function
2
Q
what are the 4 groups of functions for vitamins?
A
- hormone like/ regulatory functions A-D
- antioxidants E, C
- energy metabolism (this is the engine) B complex
- RBC formation. B12, folate
3
Q
what are 2 ways that fat solubility can be grouped?
A
- fat soluble (4 vitamins)
- water soluble (9 vitamines.)
4
Q
name the Fat soluble vitamins?
A
- Vitamin A/ Retinol
- Vitamin D/ cholecalciferol
- Vitamin E/ tocopherol
- Vitamin K/ phylloquinone
5
Q
name the water soluble vitamins?
A
- Vitamin B1/ thiamine
- Vitamin B2/ riboflavin
- Vitamin B3/ niacin
- Vitamin B5/ pantothenic acid
- Vitamin B6/ pyridoxine
- Vitamin B7/ biotin
- Vitamin B9/ folic acid
- Vitamin B12/ cobalamin
- Vitamin C/ ascorbic acid
6
Q
why are hydrocarbon the simplistic organic compound?
A
- they are the simplest because they contain a carbon and hydrogen, they are non-polar so therefore there is no pull and they share electrons equally.
- they are soluble in fats and oils.
- they have lots of potential energy.
7
Q
what happens when energy is released by hydrocarbons by oxidation?
A
- hydrocarbons are oxidized when a oxygen is added.
- when a carbon atom loses its bond to hydrogen, it then gains bond with oxygen forming CO2.
- as carbon atoms are released they become more oxidized.
8
Q
- where are fat soluble vitamins stored?
- how do vitamins travel?
A
- liver and in adipose cells.
- vitamins travel the same way fats do which is by digestion, absorption, transportation, which protein is needed for.
9
Q
what are the functions of VITAMIN A, D, E, K?
A
A- overall health of cells and membranes resulting in proper vision.
D- regulates bone mineralization, cardiac and skeletal muscle, and growth of normal and cancerous cells
E- Antioxidant; proper red blood cell formation
K- Normal blood clotting; role in bone mineralization
10
Q
what are some characteristics about hydrocarbon compounds?
A
- they have high potential energy.
they share electrons which makes them non-polar. - soluble in fat.
11
Q
what happens when hydrocarbons are oxidized? (O2 added)
A
- when hydrocarbons are oxidized they change the compound. This occurs bc a carbon molecule can hold 4 bonds.
- Potential energy is released by carbon atoms becoming oxidized.
12
Q
name the compounds and the number of times they are oxidized?
A
methane- no oxidation
ethanol- (-1 oxidation)
acetaldehyde- (+1 oxidization)
acetone- (+2 oxidization)
acetic acid- (+3 oxidization)
CO2- ( +4 oxidization)
13
Q
how many times are
- hydrocarbons
- alcohol
- aldehyde
- ketones
- carboxylic acid
- CO2
oxidized.
A
- hydrocarbons-0
- alcohol-1
- aldehyde-1
- ketones-2
- carboxylic acid-3
- CO2-4
14
Q
what does Vitamin A do in fat soluble?
A
- immune function
- vision
- reproduction & cell growth
- cellular communication
- antioxidant activity.
15
Q
what are the 3 forms of vitamin A?
A
- B-carotene (main source from plants)
- a-carotene
- B-cryptoxanthin
16
Q
- what is the role of Lutein?
- what is the role of lycopene?
A
- protect the macula
- small benefits in CVD, blood pressure, prostate cancer, protection against sunburns.
17
Q
excess retinol that is toxic, is known as what?
A
- hypervitaminosis A
18
Q
consuming to much beta-carotene/ provitamin A carotenoids creates changes in the skin, known as what?
A
- carotenosis (skin changing colour to a orange colour, mostly in the palms, knees, soles of feet.)
19
Q
what are the 2 main/ important vitamin D?
A
- D2 cholecalciferol
- D3 ergocalciferol
20
Q
what are the roles of vitamin D?
A
- enhance mineral absorption.
- regulating ca2+ & P concentration in blood.
- promote bone growth, mineralization, remodelling.
- neuromuscular/ immune function
- cell growth
- preventing osteoporosis by increasing Ca2+ absorption.
21
Q
what does UVB allow vitamin D3 to do?
A
- UVB allows for the body to absorb vitamin D through the sun, which is the amount of UV rays coming from the sun. UV A&C cannot be absorbed through the skin.
22
Q
overdose of vitamin D is due to what?
the s/s are nausea, vomiting, confusion, heart arrythmia
A
- hypercalcemia
23
Q
what are 2 vitamin D deficiency?
A
- osteomalacia (adults)
- rickets (kids)
24
Q
who is vitamin D supplementation good for?
A
- breast fed infants.
- older adults
- people w/ darker skin
25
what are some vitamin D sources?
- flesh of fatty fish, fish, liver, oil
- egg yolk, beef liver, cheese, yogurt
26
what 2 groups in vitamin E naturally occur?
- tocopherols
- tocotrienols
27
there are 4 forms of tocopherol, which one meets the human nutritional requirements?
a-tocopherol
28
what are the main roles of vitamin E?
- prevent damage to membrane lipids.
- interact w/ free radicals or reactive oxygen species.
- primary fat-soluble antioxidants.
- prevent/delay heart disease.
- inhibition of LDL
- reduce blood clotting
29
what is the difference between d-a-tocopherol and dl-a-tocopherol?
d-a-TOROPHEROL
- this is most commonly found in food.
- known as the "right" side of the molecule.
dl-a-TOROPHEROL
- known as "left" side of a molecule.
- this is more in supplementation
- there is a 50/50 chance it is the left or right side.
30
what is the best source of vitamin E?
- nuts & seeds
- vegetable oils
- leafy greens and fortified cereals.
31
what condition would someone be vitamin E deficient?
- fat malabsorption
32
what are the 2 natural forms of vitamin K?
and what do they do?
- K1- phylloquinone
+ in plant photosynthesis, dark leafy greens.
- K2- menaquinone
+ converted from K1 by gut bacteria.
33
what are 2 main roles of vitamin K?
- blood (K)oagulation
- bone metabolism
34
which type of vitamin is known to be:
- easily absorbed into the bloodstream
- do not accumulate
- excess intake excreted in urine
- toxicity is not common.
- water-soluble vitamins.
35
what 4 things need to happen in order for easy vitamin consumption?
- dietary variety
- minimally processed whole food
- mixture of cooked and raw foods
- adequate energy intake.
36
what is the role of vitamin C?
- water-soluble antioxidants.
- collagen synthesis and wound healing
- immune function with T cells and phagocytes.
37
what are the RDA dosages of vitamin C for male, female, and deficiency?
male- 75 mg/d
female- 90 mg/d
deficiency- less 10mg/d
38
B vitamin functions?
1- energy production (CHO metabolism)
2- energy production in (FADH2)
3- energy production in (NADH)
5- oxidation of fatty acids (A.coA)
6- A.A. and lipid metabolism
7- lipids, CHO, A.A. metabolism
9- nucleic & A.A metabolism, RBC formation.
12- macronutrient metabolism, RBC formation
39
1. where is B1 found?
1. skeletal muscle cells
40
what foods is B1 found in?
- whole grains
- yeast
- beans
-nuts
- meats
41
1. what are the 2 coenzymes in B2 riboflavin?
2. what are B2 vitamins important for?
1. FMN flavin mononucleotide
- FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide
2. redox reactions, and play a important role in ETC.
42
- what are the forms of niacin?
1. what are 2 coenzymes?
2. food source?
- niacin/ nicotinic acid
- niacinamide/ nicotinamide
- inositol hexanicotinate
1. NAHD and FADH
2. protein foods.
43
vitamin B5 helps with which cycle?
1. what is B5 involved in?
- feeds A.coA into the citric acid cycle.
1. fatty acid and CHO oxidation
synthesis of A.A., fatty acids, antibodies, hormones.
44
B6 (pyridoxine) has what critical roles?
- A.A. metabolism
- glycogen breakdown
- neurotransmitter synthesis
45
1______binds with 2_________
1. biotin
2. avidin
- Avidin is destroyed when the clear egg yoke turns white when being cooked.
46
someone who is vitamin B12 &/or B9 deficient is given what term?
- pernicious anemia (hidden bad)
47
what are 3 long term deficiency symptoms someone who is B12 deficient?
- mania
- psychosis
- permanent long term damage to nervous system.
48
what are the advantages of intake of vitamins that are consumed in foods?
- source of multiple vitamins.
- other nutrient may enhance absorption or activity.
- may provide "extra" health benefits.
- "total diet" correlates w/ prevention of chronic disease.
49
what are the disadvantages of intake of vitamins that are consumed in foods?
- variety of nutrient dense food essential
- adequate energy intake needed.
- time, effort, and costly to be buying the right foods.
50
what are enriched and fortification in vitamin sources? (what do the terms mean)
ENRICHED
- vitamins that are lost in processing and then added back in after processing.
- B1,2,3, folate.
FORTIFICATION
- addition of nutrients not found in original food.
- vitamin D in milk and orange juice.
51
what are dis/advantages for vitamin supplementation?
DISADVANTAGES
- can be waste and or harmful.
ADVANTAGES
- preventing or reverses deficiencies
- insurance policy with inadequate diet.
52
what 3 things allow for vitamin toxicity increase?
- self-directed supplementation
- fortified & enriched foods
- energy & sport products.
