CH. 7 MIDTERM Flashcards
Function water and electrolyte?
- Functions as a aqueos medium
- Transportation of products and removing waste products
- Thermoregulation
define the fallowing
EUHYDRATION
HYPOHYDRATED
HYPERHYDRATED
DEHYDRATED
ELECTROLYTE
Euhydration- water meets physiological demands (state)
Hypohydrated- insuffient water in the body (state)
Hyperhydrated- excess water in the body (state)
Dehydrated- losing water and moving towards hydration (process)
Electrolyte- a dissolved substance in water that has a charged ion. That splits into a positive and negative charge.
what are the 2 ways WATER MOVEMENT BETWEEN COMPARTMENTS?
- Fluid/ hydrostatic pressure
- Moving water around the body
- Moving from high to low pressure
- Basis for systemic circulation - Osmotic pressure
- Moving water across membranes like individual cells and organs
- Water can move easily but the particles can not, this is a permy semimembrane
- Water moves from high to low concentration. Taking something in high concentration and the water is trying to decrease the high concentration.
ELECTROLYTES INVOLVED IN FLUID BALANCE?
- Some minerals are not electrolytes.
- Cations (+) electrolytes: Na, K, Ca2+, Mg2+
- Anions (-) electrolytes: Cl, HCO3-, PO4 3-, proteins
- Non-electrolytes:
Fe3+, Zn2+ (zn is found inside proteins)
what structures in the body effect ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION?
- PLASMA
- Main cation is sodium (Na) in blood
- A little bit of potassium
- Chloride, and bicarbonate (buffer system.)
- Some proteins in blood that are not in interstial fluid - IF
- Some proteins in blood that are not in interstial fluid
- Main cation is sodium
- Little bit of potassium
- More chloride than in plasma - ICF
- Cations are reversed.
- Mostly potassium
- Little bit of sodium
- Electrolytes in sweat is sodium.
- No chloride, phosphate instead, which is due to it being inside cells.
- There is more protein inside cells
what is insensible and sensible water loss?
INSENSIBLE WATER LOSS
- Breath, skin moisture. Seeing your breath in the winter.
- 1L per day
SENSIBLE WATER LOSS
- Feces, urine, sweat make up the rest of 1.5L water loss.
- Someone who is sedentary should consume more water.
how do diuretics and water loss work?
- Any substance that increases the amount of urine output.
- Examples are caffeine, alcohol.
- Affect on kidney or hormones.
- Production of antidiuretic hormones (ADH) are inhibited. (don’t urinate)
- Some diuretics interfere with ADH
- Theophylline is found in tea, and increasing excretion of sodium and chloride. Seems like we do not have enough, and will increase urine production.
what does hyponatrimia mean?
- this means low sodium concentration and happens when their is more water, and a lower level of sodium.
what are the effects of hypohydration on athletes?
- From not consuming enough liquid or from sweating to much
- Hypohydration can have an impact on exercise performance because it will affect the thermoregulatory system due to the increase in tempeture.
- Severe hypohydration which can lead to hyperthermia
- Athletes need a hydration plan based on the measured loss.
what effect would sweat loss have on exercise?
- the humidity plays a role in sweat loss
- exercise in protective clothing that doesn’t allow sweat to release can allow for 1-2 L/h of sweat loss. Normally it is 100 ml daily.
- The max the stomach can tolerate absorbing water is 1-1.5 L/hr
- In extreme cases someone can lose 2-7% of their body weight
how is core temp. affected by hydration?
- Hypovelima is low blood volume
- Hypovelima is affected by the oxygen delivery to exercising muscle. The second thing it has to do is heat transfer by getting water out of the blood by sweating.
- Exercise can increases core tempeture for every 1% body mass lost in water which over time can lead to HYPERTHERMIA which can be fatal.
what are the 3 hyperthermia stages?
heat exhaustion
heat stroke
severe heat stroke
what happens to the body during heat stroke?
- Greater than 38.3 C (hyperthermia)
- Nausea, vomiting, headache.
- Blood vessels dilate and skin becomes flush, and dry
- The body is trying to decrease heat, can be treated by hydration.
what happens to the body during heat exhaustion?
- Tempeture is 36.5 to 37.5 C (normal body temp)
- Heavy sweating, pulse fast and weak
what happens to the body during severe heat stroke?
- Greater than 40 C (hyperpyrexia)
- Can become confused
- Increase heart rate and resp. rate.
- Blood pressure will drop
- Blood vessels contract, and you become pale or bluish because the blood has gone to the body’s core.
- Is fatal.
effects of of hydration on athletic performance?
- Loss of body mass can lower vo2max
- During short exercise there is very little to no effect on anaerobic athlete due to the creatine phosphate system.
what is EAMC?
- EAMC (exercise-associated muscle cramping) electrolyte loss from sweat
2 stratagies for athletes to replenish water and electrolytes?
- Methods to monitor hydration
- Strategies for water and electrolyte replacement
how would someone monitor hydration?
- Measure specific gravity (how much something weights) of urine
- Density of urine same / density of water
- Urine is more dense than pure water.
- Urine normal density is between 1.010 and 1.030
- If it is higher than this, then you are dehydrated and you have more components in your urine.
what is a urine colour analysis?
- It is easy to do
- Less invasive
- Best to do in the morning
- Urine can be effected by beets, riboflavin (b2), B-vitamin, supplements and medication.
- Darker the colour mean not hydrated enough
- If the colour is water colour then you can take a step back and do not need to drink as much water.
