ch 9 (joints)

Question 1

synarthrosis

Answer 1

immovable joints

Question 2

amphiarthrosis

Answer 2

slightly movable joints

Question 3

diarthrosis

Answer 3

freely movable joints

Question 4

synostosis

Answer 4

a suture joint that has ossified.

Question 5

syndesmoses

Answer 5

a fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular CT (than in a suture).

Question 6

ligament

Answer 6

dense irregular CT that is arranged in a bundle.

Question 7

gomphosis

Answer 7

(dentoalveolar joint) in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket; articulations between the roots of the teeth and their sockets (alveoli).

Question 8

interosseous membrane

Answer 8

a substantial sheet of dense irregular CT that binds neighboring long bones and permits slight movement (amphiarthrosis).

Question 9

cartilaginous joint

Answer 9

• lacks synovial cavity
• allows little to no movement
• articulating bones are connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage.

Question 10

what are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 10

synchondrosis and symphyses

Question 11

synchondrosis

Answer 11

a cartilaginous joint in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage.
ex.~ epiphyseal growth plate

Question 12

symphysis

Answer 12

• a cartilaginous joint in which the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones.
• all occurs in the midline of the body.
• ex.- pubic symphysis
• amphiarthrosis!!

Question 13

synovial joint

Answer 13

• a joint with the presence of a synovial cavity between articulating bones.
• all synovial joints are classified as diarthrosis.
• articular cartilage covers bones at the synovial joint.

Question 14

synovial cavity

Answer 14

a space between articulating bones in a synovial joint.

Question 15

articular cartilage

Answer 15

• a layer of hyaline cartilage that covers articulating surfaces of bones at a synovial joint
• smooth, slippery surface
• absorbs shock; reduces friction

Question 16

articular capsule

Answer 16

• surrounds a synovial joint, encloses the synovial cavity, and unites articulating bones.
• composed of 2 layers: outer fibrous membrane & inner synovial membrane.

Question 17

What are the two layers of an articular capsule?

Answer 17

An outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane

Question 18

fibrous membrane

Answer 18

• consists of dense irregular CT (mostly collagen fibers)
• it is a thickened continuation of the periosteum between bones!!

Question 19

synovial membrane

Answer 19

• the inner layer of the articular capsule
• composed of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers
• also includes accumulations of adipose tissue
• secretes synovial fluid

Question 20

synovial fluid

Answer 20

• viscous, clear or pale yellow fluid
• looks like uncooked egg whites
• consists of hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid filtered from blood plasma.
• contains phagocytic cells
• provides oxygen to the avascular cartilage

Question 21

viscous

Answer 21

gel-like

Question 22

articular discs / menisci

Answer 22

• crescent shaped pads of fibrocartilage between articulating surfaces of bones and are attached to the fibrous capsule.
• subdivide synovial cavity into 2 spaces, allowing separate movements in each space.

Question 23

labrum

Answer 23

• in ball-and-socket joints of shoulder & hip
• is the fibrocartilaginous lips that extends from the edge of the joint socket.
• helps deepen joint socket and increases area of contact between socket and ball-surface of head of bone.

Question 24

bursae

Answer 24

• saclike structures that are situated to alleviate friction in some joints (shoulder and knee)
• resemble articular capsules because their walls consist of an outer fibrous membrane of thin dense CT lined by a synovial membrane.
• fluid filled

Question 25

tendon sheaths (synovial sheaths)

Answer 25

- reduce friction at joints - tubelike bursae - inner (visceral) layer is attached to the surface of a tendon. - outer (parietal) layer is attached to bone

Question 26

elbow joint

Answer 26

a hinge joint, formed by the trochlea and capitulum of the humerus, and the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the head of the radius.

Question 27

which movements does the hip joint allow

Answer 27

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral rotation, medial rotation, and circumduction of the thigh.

Question 28

what are the three joints within a knee joint?

Answer 28

1.) tibiofemoral joint (lateral) 2.) another tibiofemoral joint (medial) 3.) patellofemoral joint (intermediate)

Question 29

what are the 3 structural classifications of joints?

Answer 29

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 30

What are the four movements at synovial joints?

Answer 30

1.) gliding 2.) angular movements 3.) rotation 4.) special movements

Question 31

what are the angular movements?

Answer 31

flexion, extension, lateral flexion, hypertension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.

Question 32

what are the special joint movements

Answer 32

elevation, depression protraction, retraction inversion, eversion dorsiflexion, plantar flexion supination, pronation opposition