ch 9 (joints) Flashcards
synarthrosis
immovable joints
amphiarthrosis
slightly movable joints
diarthrosis
freely movable joints
synostosis
a suture joint that has ossified.
syndesmoses
a fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular CT (than in a suture).
ligament
dense irregular CT that is arranged in a bundle.
gomphosis
(dentoalveolar joint) in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket; articulations between the roots of the teeth and their sockets (alveoli).
interosseous membrane
a substantial sheet of dense irregular CT that binds neighboring long bones and permits slight movement (amphiarthrosis).
cartilaginous joint
- lacks synovial cavity
- allows little to no movement
- articulating bones are connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage.
what are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
synchondrosis and symphyses
synchondrosis
a cartilaginous joint in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage.
ex.~ epiphyseal growth plate
symphysis
- a cartilaginous joint in which the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones.
- all occurs in the midline of the body.
- ex.- pubic symphysis
- amphiarthrosis!!
synovial joint
- a joint with the presence of a synovial cavity between articulating bones.
- all synovial joints are classified as diarthrosis.
- articular cartilage covers bones at the synovial joint.
synovial cavity
a space between articulating bones in a synovial joint.
articular cartilage
- a layer of hyaline cartilage that covers articulating surfaces of bones at a synovial joint
- smooth, slippery surface
- absorbs shock; reduces friction
articular capsule
- surrounds a synovial joint, encloses the synovial cavity, and unites articulating bones.
- composed of 2 layers: outer fibrous membrane & inner synovial membrane.
What are the two layers of an articular capsule?
An outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane
fibrous membrane
- consists of dense irregular CT (mostly collagen fibers)
- it is a thickened continuation of the periosteum between bones!!
synovial membrane
- the inner layer of the articular capsule
- composed of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers
- also includes accumulations of adipose tissue
- secretes synovial fluid
synovial fluid
- viscous, clear or pale yellow fluid
- looks like uncooked egg whites
- consists of hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid filtered from blood plasma.
- contains phagocytic cells
- provides oxygen to the avascular cartilage
viscous
gel-like
articular discs / menisci
- crescent shaped pads of fibrocartilage between articulating surfaces of bones and are attached to the fibrous capsule.
- subdivide synovial cavity into 2 spaces, allowing separate movements in each space.
labrum
- in ball-and-socket joints of shoulder & hip
- is the fibrocartilaginous lips that extends from the edge of the joint socket.
- helps deepen joint socket and increases area of contact between socket and ball-surface of head of bone.
bursae
- saclike structures that are situated to alleviate friction in some joints (shoulder and knee)
- resemble articular capsules because their walls consist of an outer fibrous membrane of thin dense CT lined by a synovial membrane.
- fluid filled
tendon sheaths (synovial sheaths)
- reduce friction at joints
- tubelike bursae
- inner (visceral) layer is attached to the surface of a tendon.
- outer (parietal) layer is attached to bone
elbow joint
a hinge joint, formed by the trochlea and capitulum of the humerus, and the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the head of the radius.
which movements does the hip joint allow
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral rotation, medial rotation, and circumduction of the thigh.
what are the three joints within a knee joint?
1.) tibiofemoral joint (lateral)
2.) another tibiofemoral joint (medial)
3.) patellofemoral joint (intermediate)
what are the 3 structural classifications of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
What are the four movements at synovial joints?
1.) gliding
2.) angular movements
3.) rotation
4.) special movements
what are the angular movements?
flexion, extension, lateral flexion, hypertension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.
what are the special joint movements
elevation, depression
protraction, retraction
inversion, eversion
dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
supination, pronation
opposition
