ch 4 (tissues) Flashcards
biopsy
the removal of a sample of living tissue for microscopic examination.
Cell junctions
contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells.
osteocytes
cells that make bone
chondrocytes
makes the various cartilaginous C.T.
adipocytes
- fat cells / adipose cells
they store triglycerides - found in skin and around heart and kidneys.
fibroblasts
the most numerous cell of connective tissues; they secrete protein fibers (collagen, elastin & reticular fibers, and a ground substance).
Mucous C.T.
(Wharton’s jellyfish) is a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord and is a rich source of stem cells.
3 main loose connective tissues:
Loose Areolar Connective tissue
Loose Adipose tissue
Loose Reticular connective tissue
3 main dense connective tissues:
Dense Irregular
Dense Regular
Elastic Connective tissue
matrix
it is the ground, non-living, substance of the tissue that occupies the vacant spaces between the cells.
extracellular matrix
the matrix that fills the spaces between cells in an organism.
Consists of protein fibers and ground substance.
resting membrane potential
the charge across cell membranes
- negative on the inside
- positive on the outside
synovial membranes
- enclose certain joints
- made ONLY of connective tissue
- secretes synovial fluid
endocrine glands
they secrete their contents directly into the blood
exocrine glands
they secrete their contents into a lumen or duct first
what is epithelial tissue?
It covers body surfaces and lines, hollow organs, body, cavities, and ducts; and forms glands.
it allows the body to interact with its internal and external environments.
what is connective tissue?
It protects and supports the body and its organs, various types bind organs together, it stores energy reserves as fat, and helps provide immunity for the body.
What is muscular tissue?
it is composed of cells, specialized for contraction and generation of force; it generates heat that warms the body.
what is nervous tissue?
It detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body, and response by generating electrical signals called nerve action potentials (nerve impulses) that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions.
What are the 5 types of cell junctions?
- tight
- adherens
- desmosomes
- hemidesmosomes
- gap
what are tight junctions?
- weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes, to seal off passageways between neighboring cells.
Epithelial tissue / epithelium
- consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in single or multiple layers.
- they form coverings and linings in the body.
- it always has one free surface.
What are the 3 functions of epithelial tissue?
1.) acts as a selective barrier that limits or aids the transfer of substances in and out of the body.
2.) acts as a secretory surface that releases products from cells onto its free surfaces.
3.) acts as a protective surface that can resist harsh influences of the environment.
What are the 3 different surface types of epithelial cells?
1.) apical surface
2.) lateral surface
3.) basal surface
Apical surface
- apical = free
- faces body surface, body cavities, lumens of internal organs, or tubular ducts (that receive cell secretions)
- may contain cilia or microvilli!!
lateral surfaces
- faces adjacent cells on either side
- may contain tight, adherens, desmosomes, or gap junctions!!!!
basal layer
- opposite the apical surface layer
- adhere to the basement membrane
- contains hemidesmosomes!
- when talking about epithelia with many layers: it is the deepest layer of epithelial cells.
what are the 2 layers of the basement membrane?
1.) basal lamina
2.) reticular lamina
basal lamina
- closer to epithelial cells
- secreted by epithelial cells
- beneath the stratum basale
- contains proteins: laminin, collagen, glycoproteins and proteoglycans.
reticular lamina
- is the second layer
- closer to underlying connective tissue
contains proteins: collagen produced by connective tissue cells called fibroblasts!
what are the five most important rules of epithelial tissue in the body?
protection, filtration, secretion, absorption, and excretion.
secretion
the production and release of substances (mucus, sweat, enzymes).
absorption
the intake of fluids or other substances.
pseudo stratified epithelium
Pseudo = false
it is simple epithelium that are stretched out, and the cell nuclei lie a different levels.
they rest on the basement membrane.
what are the three arrangements of cells in layers?
Simple epithelium
Pseudo stratified epithelium
Stratified epithelium
stratified epithelium
stratum = layer
it consists of two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues where there is considerable wear and tear.
what are the four cell shapes?
Squamous cell
Cuboidal cell
Columnar cell
Transitional cell
squamous cells
they are thin, flat cells, which allows for quick passage of substances.
cuboidal cells
They are as tall as they are wide, like cubes.
They might have microvilli at their apical surface.
They function in either secretion or absorption.
columnar cells
They are like columns, and they protect underlying tissues.
Their apical surfaces might have cilia or microvilli.
They often specialize in secretion and absorption.
transitional cells
They change shape, from squamous to cuboidal and back, as organs stretch to a larger size and then collapse back to a smaller size.
simple squamous epithelium
It is a single layer of flat cells that look like a tile floor.
often found lining the cardiovascular and lymphatic system .
Simple cuboidal epithelium
it is a single layer of cube shaped cells
It is often found covering the surface of an ovary, in the eyes, lining the kidney, and lining smaller ducts and glands.
Microvilli
they are fingerlike, cytoplasmic, projections, that increase the surface area of the plasma membrane.
goblet cells
They are modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus at their apical surfaces.
ciliated simple columnar epithelium
It is a single layer of ciliated column cells with oval nuclei near the base of cells.
“blast” cells
They have the capacity for cell division of they secrete extracellular matrix.
“chondro-“?
cartilage
monocytes
a type of white blood cell, in which macrophages develop from.
macrophages
They come from monocytes; irregular in shape with short branches; they eat bacteria by the process if “phagocytosis”.
plasma cells
They develop from a type of white blood cell; they secrete antibodies; mostly found in connective tissue (gastrointestinal and respiratory).
mast cells
They live alongside blood vessels that supply connective tissue; they produce histamine; they can kill bacteria too!
collagen
the most abundant protein in the body!
ground substance
The material between cells; made of water and organic molecules; supports and binds
hyaluronic acid
It is a viscous, slippery substance that bind cells together, lubricates joints, and helps maintain the shape of the eyeballs.
adhesion proteins
They are responsible for linking components of the ground substance to one another and to the surfaces of cells.
fibronectin
It is the main adhesion protein of connective tissues.
It binds collagen fibers and cells to the ground substance.
What are three types of fibers that are embedded in the extracellular matrix between the cells?
Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers
what are the three types of cartilage?
1.) Hyaline cartilage
2.) Fibrocartilage
3.) Elastic cartilage
Liquid connective tissue
1.) Blood tissue
2.) Lymph
what are the two major subclasses of connective tissue?
embryonic and mature
what are the five types of mature, connective tissues?
Loose connective tissue
Dense connective tissue
Cartilage
Bone tissue
liquid connective tissue
lacunae
(little lakes) - resides in the extracellular matrix, between lamellae, and they contain osteocytes.
perichondrium
- surrounds the surface of most cartilage and has blood vessels, nerves and is the source of NEW cartilage cells.
osteon / haversian system
the basic unit of compact bone.
lamellae (little plates)
they are concentric rings of extracellular matrix that consist of mineral salts, they give bones it’s hardness and strength, and collagen fibers; they are responsible for the compact nature of compact bone tissue.
what is the liquid extracellular matrix in blood?
Blood plasma
what is blood plasma?
it is a pale yellow fluid that consists mostly water and a wide variety of dissolved substances.
what do platelets do?
they participate in blood clotting.
Lymph
- it is the extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels.
- It is a liquid connective tissue that consists of several types of cells in a clear liquid extracellular matrix.
Membranes
they are flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover a part of the body.
what are the principle epithelial membranes of the body?
mucus membranes, serous membranes, cutaneous membrane (skin)
mucous membranes
They line body cavities that open directly to the exterior, they consist of epithelium and an underlying layer of connective tissue.
lamina propria
It is the connective tissue layer of a mucous membrane called areolar connective tissue.
what is a serous membrane?
it lines, a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior, and it covers the organs that are within the cavity.
what kind of tissue does the epidermis consist of?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
what kind of tissue does the dermis consist of?
Dense, irregular, connective tissue and areolar connective tissue
Muscular tissue
consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers or myocytes that can use ATP to generate force.
What are the three types of muscular tissue?
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Tendons
Attach muscle to bones
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
