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anatomy & phys. > ch 4 (tissues) > Flashcards

ch 4 (tissues) Flashcards

1
Q

biopsy

A

the removal of a sample of living tissue for microscopic examination.

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2
Q

Cell junctions

A

contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells.

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3
Q

osteocytes

A

cells that make bone

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4
Q

chondrocytes

A

makes the various cartilaginous C.T.

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5
Q

adipocytes

A
  • fat cells / adipose cells
    they store triglycerides
  • found in skin and around heart and kidneys.
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6
Q

fibroblasts

A

the most numerous cell of connective tissues; they secrete protein fibers (collagen, elastin & reticular fibers, and a ground substance).

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7
Q

Mucous C.T.

A

(Wharton’s jellyfish) is a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord and is a rich source of stem cells.

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8
Q

3 main loose connective tissues:

A

Loose Areolar Connective tissue
Loose Adipose tissue
Loose Reticular connective tissue

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9
Q

3 main dense connective tissues:

A

Dense Irregular
Dense Regular
Elastic Connective tissue

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10
Q

matrix

A

it is the ground, non-living, substance of the tissue that occupies the vacant spaces between the cells.

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11
Q

extracellular matrix

A

the matrix that fills the spaces between cells in an organism.
Consists of protein fibers and ground substance.

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12
Q

resting membrane potential

A

the charge across cell membranes
- negative on the inside
- positive on the outside

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13
Q

synovial membranes

A
  • enclose certain joints
  • made ONLY of connective tissue
  • secretes synovial fluid
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14
Q

endocrine glands

A

they secrete their contents directly into the blood

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15
Q

exocrine glands

A

they secrete their contents into a lumen or duct first

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16
Q

what is epithelial tissue?

A

It covers body surfaces and lines, hollow organs, body, cavities, and ducts; and forms glands.
it allows the body to interact with its internal and external environments.

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17
Q

what is connective tissue?

A

It protects and supports the body and its organs, various types bind organs together, it stores energy reserves as fat, and helps provide immunity for the body.

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18
Q

What is muscular tissue?

A

it is composed of cells, specialized for contraction and generation of force; it generates heat that warms the body.

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19
Q

what is nervous tissue?

A

It detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body, and response by generating electrical signals called nerve action potentials (nerve impulses) that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions.

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20
Q

What are the 5 types of cell junctions?

A
  • tight
  • adherens
  • desmosomes
  • hemidesmosomes
  • gap
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21
Q

what are tight junctions?

A
  • weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes, to seal off passageways between neighboring cells.
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22
Q

Epithelial tissue / epithelium

A
  • consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in single or multiple layers.
  • they form coverings and linings in the body.
  • it always has one free surface.
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23
Q

What are the 3 functions of epithelial tissue?

A

1.) acts as a selective barrier that limits or aids the transfer of substances in and out of the body.

2.) acts as a secretory surface that releases products from cells onto its free surfaces.

3.) acts as a protective surface that can resist harsh influences of the environment.

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24
Q

What are the 3 different surface types of epithelial cells?

A

1.) apical surface
2.) lateral surface
3.) basal surface

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25
Q

Apical surface

A
  • apical = free
  • faces body surface, body cavities, lumens of internal organs, or tubular ducts (that receive cell secretions)
  • may contain cilia or microvilli!!
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26
Q

lateral surfaces

A
  • faces adjacent cells on either side
  • may contain tight, adherens, desmosomes, or gap junctions!!!!
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27
Q

basal layer

A
  • opposite the apical surface layer
  • adhere to the basement membrane
  • contains hemidesmosomes!
  • when talking about epithelia with many layers: it is the deepest layer of epithelial cells.
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28
Q

what are the 2 layers of the basement membrane?

A

1.) basal lamina
2.) reticular lamina

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29
Q

basal lamina

A
  • closer to epithelial cells
  • secreted by epithelial cells
  • beneath the stratum basale
  • contains proteins: laminin, collagen, glycoproteins and proteoglycans.
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30
Q

reticular lamina

A
  • is the second layer
  • closer to underlying connective tissue
    contains proteins: collagen produced by connective tissue cells called fibroblasts!
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31
Q

what are the five most important rules of epithelial tissue in the body?

A

protection, filtration, secretion, absorption, and excretion.

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32
Q

secretion

A

the production and release of substances (mucus, sweat, enzymes).

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33
Q

absorption

A

the intake of fluids or other substances.

34
Q

pseudo stratified epithelium

A

Pseudo = false
it is simple epithelium that are stretched out, and the cell nuclei lie a different levels.
they rest on the basement membrane.

35
Q

what are the three arrangements of cells in layers?

A

Simple epithelium
Pseudo stratified epithelium
Stratified epithelium

36
Q

stratified epithelium

A

stratum = layer
it consists of two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues where there is considerable wear and tear.

37
Q

what are the four cell shapes?

A

Squamous cell
Cuboidal cell
Columnar cell
Transitional cell

38
Q

squamous cells

A

they are thin, flat cells, which allows for quick passage of substances.

39
Q

cuboidal cells

A

They are as tall as they are wide, like cubes.
They might have microvilli at their apical surface.
They function in either secretion or absorption.

40
Q

columnar cells

A

They are like columns, and they protect underlying tissues.
Their apical surfaces might have cilia or microvilli.
They often specialize in secretion and absorption.

41
Q

transitional cells

A

They change shape, from squamous to cuboidal and back, as organs stretch to a larger size and then collapse back to a smaller size.

42
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

It is a single layer of flat cells that look like a tile floor.
often found lining the cardiovascular and lymphatic system .

43
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

it is a single layer of cube shaped cells
It is often found covering the surface of an ovary, in the eyes, lining the kidney, and lining smaller ducts and glands.

44
Q

Microvilli

A

they are fingerlike, cytoplasmic, projections, that increase the surface area of the plasma membrane.

45
Q

goblet cells

A

They are modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus at their apical surfaces.

46
Q

ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

It is a single layer of ciliated column cells with oval nuclei near the base of cells.

47
Q

“blast” cells

A

They have the capacity for cell division of they secrete extracellular matrix.

48
Q

“chondro-“?

A

cartilage

49
Q

monocytes

A

a type of white blood cell, in which macrophages develop from.

50
Q

macrophages

A

They come from monocytes; irregular in shape with short branches; they eat bacteria by the process if “phagocytosis”.

51
Q

plasma cells

A

They develop from a type of white blood cell; they secrete antibodies; mostly found in connective tissue (gastrointestinal and respiratory).

52
Q

mast cells

A

They live alongside blood vessels that supply connective tissue; they produce histamine; they can kill bacteria too!

53
Q

collagen

A

the most abundant protein in the body!

54
Q

ground substance

A

The material between cells; made of water and organic molecules; supports and binds

55
Q

hyaluronic acid

A

It is a viscous, slippery substance that bind cells together, lubricates joints, and helps maintain the shape of the eyeballs.

56
Q

adhesion proteins

A

They are responsible for linking components of the ground substance to one another and to the surfaces of cells.

57
Q

fibronectin

A

It is the main adhesion protein of connective tissues.
It binds collagen fibers and cells to the ground substance.

58
Q

What are three types of fibers that are embedded in the extracellular matrix between the cells?

A

Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers

59
Q

what are the three types of cartilage?

A

1.) Hyaline cartilage
2.) Fibrocartilage
3.) Elastic cartilage

60
Q

Liquid connective tissue

A

1.) Blood tissue
2.) Lymph

61
Q

what are the two major subclasses of connective tissue?

A

embryonic and mature

62
Q

what are the five types of mature, connective tissues?

A

Loose connective tissue
Dense connective tissue
Cartilage
Bone tissue
liquid connective tissue

63
Q

lacunae

A

(little lakes) - resides in the extracellular matrix, between lamellae, and they contain osteocytes.

64
Q

perichondrium

A
  • surrounds the surface of most cartilage and has blood vessels, nerves and is the source of NEW cartilage cells.
65
Q

osteon / haversian system

A

the basic unit of compact bone.

66
Q

lamellae (little plates)

A

they are concentric rings of extracellular matrix that consist of mineral salts, they give bones it’s hardness and strength, and collagen fibers; they are responsible for the compact nature of compact bone tissue.

67
Q

what is the liquid extracellular matrix in blood?

A

Blood plasma

68
Q

what is blood plasma?

A

it is a pale yellow fluid that consists mostly water and a wide variety of dissolved substances.

69
Q

what do platelets do?

A

they participate in blood clotting.

70
Q

Lymph

A
  • it is the extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels.
  • It is a liquid connective tissue that consists of several types of cells in a clear liquid extracellular matrix.
71
Q

Membranes

A

they are flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover a part of the body.

72
Q

what are the principle epithelial membranes of the body?

A

mucus membranes, serous membranes, cutaneous membrane (skin)

73
Q

mucous membranes

A

They line body cavities that open directly to the exterior, they consist of epithelium and an underlying layer of connective tissue.

74
Q

lamina propria

A

It is the connective tissue layer of a mucous membrane called areolar connective tissue.

75
Q

what is a serous membrane?

A

it lines, a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior, and it covers the organs that are within the cavity.

76
Q

what kind of tissue does the epidermis consist of?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

77
Q

what kind of tissue does the dermis consist of?

A

Dense, irregular, connective tissue and areolar connective tissue

78
Q

Muscular tissue

A

consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers or myocytes that can use ATP to generate force.

79
Q

What are the three types of muscular tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

80
Q

Tendons

A

Attach muscle to bones

81
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone

anatomy & phys. (13 decks)

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