Ch 9 Intelligence and Its Measurement Flashcards
What is intelligence?
- No uniform, widely accepted definition
- Acquire and apply knowledge
- Reason logically
- Plan effectively
- Grasp and visualize concepts
- Pay attention
- Being intuitive
Intelligence: Views of Scholars, Summary [placeholder]
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Interactionism
- Heredity & environment interact to influence intelligence (Binet, Wechsler)
Factor-analytic
Identify abilities (or groups of ) that constitute intelligence
- What is processed?
- Spearman, Cattell & Horn
Heredity
Francis Galton
- Heritability of intelligence
- Sensation and perception
- Best sensory abilities = most intelligent
–Sensory keenness
Interactionism (Alfred Binet)
- Intelligence includes:
- Reasoning
- Judgement
- Memory
- Abstraction
Interactionism (David Wechsler)
Stressed components
- Act purposefully
- Think rationally
- Deal effectively with environment
Assessment of non intellective factors
- Drive
- Persistence
Assessment focused on
- Verbal and performance tasks
Factor - Analytic Theory
Speaman’s Two Factor Theory
- General intellectual ability (g)
– Measured by all IQ tests
– Abstract reasoning
- Specific factors
– Measured by individual IQ tests
Factor Analystic Theories
Cattell & Horn
- Crystalized intelligence (Gc)
– Acquired skills and knowledge
– Cultural dependent
– Formal and informal education
Fluid intelligence (Gf)
- Nonverbal
- Culture-free
- Independent of instruction
Hierarchical Modeling
Combines both single and multi-factor theories
Measuring Intelligence [placeholder]
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Measurement of infants include
Alerting (eyes brighten and widen)
- Orienting (turning towards stimulus)
- Habituation (looking away; assumes familiarity)
Measurement of children and adults include
Verbal and nonverbal responses to similar constructs
- General information
- Vocabulary
- Visual memory
-Attention
Intelligence and Related Issues: Stability of Intelligence [placeholder]
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Stability of IQ (assuming the same test)
- Infancy to adulthood - low stability
- Toddler to adulthood - low stability
- Childhood to adulthood - moderate to high
Generally stable during adulthood
- Verbal intelligence most stable
- Delayed recall of newly acquired info least stable
- Common decline after age 75
Flynn Effect
Average intelligence gains year to year from time test was normed
- Explanations
- Better education
- Improved nutrition
Tests of intelligence [placeholder]
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Ratio IQ vs. Deviation IQ [placeholder]
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Ratio IQ
Ratio IQ (original Standford-Binet)
- Based on mental age (age of apparent functioning)
- MA means Mental Age
- CA means Chronological Age
- RIQ = (MA/CA x 100
- A child age of 3 (CA) can read
- On average age 6 (MA) is the reading age
- RIQ = (6/3) x 100 = 200
Deviation IQ (starting with 3rd edition)
- Individual’s performance with that of the same age within the standardization sample
- SD’s away from the mean
Ex: If mean = 100 and SD = 16, a score 2 SD’s above the mean = 132 (deviation IQ)
SB-5 (Current Edition; 2003
- Individually administered (ages 2 - 85+)
- FSIQ, VIQ & NVIQ Composites
- Mean = 100, SD = 15
- 10 subtests
– Mean = 10, SD = 3
SB-5 (Current Edition; 2003
- Excellent standardization and psychometrics
- Improvements over SB-IV
– More high-end items (ceiling)
– More low-end items (floor)
– Nonverbal subtest rely less on expressive language
SB- 5 Factors
- FSIQ
- Verbal IQ and nonverbal IQ
5 Factors each for verbal and nonverbal marching the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory
- Fluid Reasoning (Fluid Intelligence)
- Knowledge (Crystalized Knowledge)
- Quantitative Reasoning (Quantitative Knowledge)
- Visual-Spatial Processing (Visual Processing)
- Working Memory
Wechsler Scales
David Wechsler
- Several new editions published since his death
- Include: WAIS, WISC, WPPSI, WASI, WMS
- All have a mean of 100 and SD of 15
- All psychometrically sound
- All have good standardization samples
- Currently the most popular IQ tests
- All individually given
Wechsler Origination
- Precursor to WAIS (1939)
- Adult testing at Bellevue Hospital
Why not Stanford Binet (SB)?
- Mental age not relevant to adults
- Items classified by subtests, not age
- Designed specifically for adults
More on Wechsler series
- VIQ and PIQ are gone
- “Warming” to CHC theory of intelligence
- Absent from WISC-IV and WAIS-IV
- Most recent versions include (g) and index scores
– General Ability index
– Verbal comprehension
– Perceptual reasoning/organization
– Working memory
– Processing speed
The WASI
Weschler Abbreviated scale of Intelligence
- 2 forms: 2 or 4 subtest
Screening tool
Used to identify traits and an imprecise level
- Used to determine the potential need for a more comprehensive assessment
Creativity
is not rewarded because it encourages convergent thinking and not divergent thinking
You are suppose to delete other possibilities and narrow down your options to get the answer
Creativity is not best assessed through intelligence
