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Psych 421 > Ch 11 and 12 > Flashcards

Ch 11 and 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

An individual’s unique constellation of psychological traits that is relatively stable over time

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2
Q

Trait

A

Any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in which one individual varies from another

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3
Q

State

A

a less enduring way

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4
Q

Personality Typology

A
  • A Constellation of traits that is similar in pattern
  • Type A vs Type B
  • MMPI profile types; MBTO types
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5
Q

Personality Dimensions

A

Big Five Personality Inventory

  • Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience
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6
Q

Theory Driven

A

Myers-Briggs

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7
Q

Data Driven

A

MMPI

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8
Q

Data Driven [placeholder]

A

.

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9
Q

Item writing stage

A

Content approach

Literature as a guide

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10
Q

Data Analysis

A

Factor analysis to determine traits

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11
Q

Objective vs Projective [placeholder]

A
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12
Q

Objective Methods

A
  • Select response from short answer items
  • Little judgement required to score
  • Truly “objective”
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13
Q

Projective Methods

A
  • Less structure more internal desires and conflicts would emerge
  • “Project” needs, motives, desires, conflicts, etc. onto the neutral stimulus
  • Makes sense of the ambiguous

– Tap the unconscious

– Less ability to fake

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14
Q

Varying Reporters

A

Interviews of clients or others

Self-Report

Other-Report

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15
Q

Self-Report

A
  • May explore self concept: attitudes, beliefs, opinions & related thoughts about oneself
  • Potential problems: Faking good, Faking bad, Lack of insight into own personality
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16
Q

Other-Report

A
  • Reporting by a third party
  • Potential problems

– Context of evaluation

– Rater bias

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17
Q

Nomothetic vs. Idiographic [placeholder]

A

.

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18
Q

Nomothetic

A

applying a small number of personality traits to all people

19
Q

Idiographic

A

Trying to learn about an individual uniquely (i.e sentence completion could reveal an infinite number of traits)

20
Q

Theory Guided Objective tests

A
  • State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
  • Edwards Personal Preference Schedule
  • Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
21
Q

Myers Briggs examples

A
  1. When you go somewhere for the day would you rather… (forced choice format, one or the other)
22
Q

Type A and Type B Behavior

A

Type A - Competitiveness, haste, restlessness, impatience, feelings of being time-pressured, and strong needs for achievement and dominance

Type B - Completely opposite of Type A mellow or laid back

23
Q

Data-Driven: Criterion-Keyed Objective

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

  • Developed in the 1940s as psychiatric diagnosis by Hathaway and McKinley
  • 567 true/false, self-report items
  • MMPI-2 came out in 1989 (revised (2001)
  • Subtests
  • 4 validity scales
  • 10 clinical scales
  • Several supplementary scales
24
Q

Instrument Development [placeholder]

A

.

25
Q

Criterion Group

A

Reference group of test takers who share characteristics

26
Q

Empirical Criterion Key Method

A

Selected items that would differentiate between a group of test takers

  • Group 1 - Possesses traits of interest
  • Group 2 - Group that may or may not possess the traits of interest
  • Determine which items reliably differentiate between the two groups
27
Q

Data-Driven: Factor Analytic Inventories

A
  • Sixteen Personality Factor Inventory
  • Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism)
  • NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R) [Neuroticism, Extraversion. Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness]
28
Q

Projective Tests

A
  • Inkblots
  • Pictures
  • Words
29
Q

What is a Projective Test?

A
  • Employs a standard of ambiguous stimuli
  • Responses are reflections of unconscious processes
  • Tests must be evaluated by trained clinical psychologists
30
Q

Common Projective Tests

A
  • Rorschach Inkblot Test
  • Thematic Apperception Test
  • Projective Drawings (House Tree Person Test)
  • Sentence Completion
  • Arrangement of Pictures
31
Q

The Rorschach Inkblot Tests

A
  • Published in 2001
  • Standard set of 10 inkblots
  • Reponses viewed as symbolic of internal dynamics
  • A perceptual-cognitive task (How people perceive and organize situations)
  • Children and Adults
32
Q

Rorschach Administration

A

Several administration/scoring/interpretation guidelines have been published

  • Most common is Exner Comprehensive System

Presentation Phase: Cards presented one at at time (What might this be?)

Inquiry Phase: What features led to the response? (What made it look like ____?)

33
Q

Rorschach Scoring (Exner)

A

Personality from several response aspects

  • Location (inkblot part)

Entire stimulus, small section, white space

  • Determinants

Form color shading

  • Content

Human, animal

  • Popularity

Frequency of response

  • Form

Does perception fit with inkblot

34
Q

Thematic Apperception Test

A
  • Developed by Murray and Morgan in 1930s
  • Series of cards with pictures on them
  • Patients asked to tell a story about what is happening in the pictures
  • Measures (need for achievement, affiliation, dominance)
  • Believed to be a reflection of unconscious life theme
  • Poor reliability and validity (over diagnose)
35
Q

Children’s Apperception Test

A
  • Similar to TAT, but used for children
  • Consists of 10 pictures
  • Appropriate for ages 3 - 10
  • CAT-A uses cartoon animals in human settings
  • CAT- H uses human subjects
36
Q

Word Association

A

Words as projective stimuli

  • Respond what comes to mind
  • Clinician tries to interpret your personality
37
Q

Sentence Completion

A

Patient given an incomplete sentence stem and asked to finish

Completed sentences reflect underlying motives

Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank

38
Q

Projective Drawings

A
  • Typically done with children
  • House, Tree, Person

– Derived on clinician intuition

  • Poor validity
  • Kinetic-Family-Drawings-Test
39
Q

Projectives: Summary Contents

A

Assumptions - Does it actually get at unconscious processes?

Situational variables- Related to both examinee & examiner

Psychometric Properties - Lack of reliability & validity evidence… But are they clinically useful?

Why are they still used?

  • Long-held stereotypes
  • Interpretations seem to make sense
  • Occasionally useful in therapy
40
Q

Behavioral Methods

A

Assess overt behavior rather than theoretical constructs

  • Manipulate antecedents & consequences
  • Best predictor of future behavior is____
  • Emphasize empiricism
41
Q

Behavioral Approaches

A

Observation

Self monitoring

42
Q

Response style

A

Tendency to respond in some characteristic manner regardless of item content

Acquiescent: agree with what is presented

Nay-sayer: disagree with what is presented

Extreme: endorse extreme rather than middle ratings

Fake-good vs. Fake-bad

43
Q

Validity scale

A

Subscale used to assist in judgements regarding honesty in responding

Ex: MMPI Validity Index

  • Lie (L) Scale: Identify people who are deliberately trying to answer dishonestly
  • F Scale: To detect unusual or atypical way of answering items
  • K Scale: To identify people with psychopathology that had normal range profile

Psych 421 (15 decks)

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