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Psych 421 > Ch 13 and 14 Clinical, Counseling, and Neuropsychological Assessments > Flashcards

Ch 13 and 14 Clinical, Counseling, and Neuropsychological Assessments Flashcards

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1
Q

Clinical vs Counseling Psychology [placeholder]

A

.

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2
Q

Clinical

A
  • Primarily concerned with severe forms of pathology
  • Major Depression, Schizophrenia
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3
Q

Counseling

A

Primarily concerned with everyday problems Ex: relationship or occupational problems

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4
Q

Purposes of Assessment

A
  • Clarify the psychological problem
  • Make a diagnosis (DSM-5)
  • Design treatment
  • Perhaps make placement recommendations
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5
Q

Assessment Tools

A
  • Interviews
  • Tests
  • Case History Data
  • Observations (by self or others)

After you assess, findings must be interpreted, and a lot of graduate school clinical training involves learning about the interpretation

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6
Q

Interviewing

A

Generally includes info on:

  • Demographics
  • Reason for referral
  • Medical info (past, present, & familial)
  • Psychological info (past, present, & familial)
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7
Q

Interviewing

A

Importance of both content and process

  • Content is what you say
  • Process is how you say it (also nonverbal behavior)
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8
Q

Interviewing

A

Importance of both content and process

  • Content is what you say
  • Process is how you say it (also nonverbal behavior)
  • Variation related to structured
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9
Q

Varied Interview Structures [Placeholder]

A

.

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10
Q

Unstructured

A
  • Flexible
  • Gather in-depth info
  • Need skilled interviewer
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11
Q

Semi-structured

A
  • Some flexibility
  • May be lengthy
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12
Q

Structured

A
  • Useful for screening
  • Little skill needed
  • Increased reliability (often)
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13
Q

The Interview in Clinical Assessment (General Interview Questions)

A
  • Demographic data
  • Reason for referral
  • Medical history and present medical conditions
  • Familial medical history
  • Psychological history and present psychological conditions
  • History with medical or psychological professionals
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13
Q

Structured

A
  • Useful for screening
  • Little skill needed
  • Increased reliability (often)
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14
Q

The Interview in Clinical Assessment (General Interview Questions)

A
  • Demographic data
  • Reason for referral
  • Medical history and present medical conditions
  • Familial medical history
  • Psychological history and present psychological conditions
  • History with medical or psychological professionals
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15
Q

Mental Status Examination

A

An examination intended to screen for intellectual, emotional, and neurological deficits

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16
Q

The Psychological Report

A

Psychological reports vary depending on their purpose

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17
Q

Barnum effect

A

The finding that people tend to accept vague personality descriptions as accurate descriptions of themselves

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18
Q

Clinical prediction

A

The application of a clinician’s own training and clinical experience as a determining factor in clinical judgement and actions

19
Q

Mechanical prediction

A
20
Q

Clinical prediction

A

The application of a clinician’s own training and clinical experience as a determining factor in clinical judgement and actions

21
Q

Mechanical prediction

A

The application of empirically demonstrated statistical rules and probabilities to the computer generation of findings and recommendations

22
Q

Mechanical prediction

A

The application of empirically demonstrated statistical rules and probabilities to the computer generation of findings and recommendations

  • Grove et al (2000) - a meta-analysis of 136 studies
  • Mechanical approach about 10% more accurate than clinical approach
23
Q

Forensic Assessment

A

Psychological evaluation in a legal context

Differs from “regular” clinical practice

  • Your “client” may not be the assessee

– Who gets the results?

– What’s confidential?

  • Assessee MAY NOT be a willing participant!

– Who Pays?

24
Q

Forensic Psychological Assessment:

A

The theory and application of psychological evaluation and measurement in a legal context

  • Dangerousness to oneself or others
  • Tarasoff v. the Regents of the University of California
  • Competence to stand trial

– Dusky v. United States

Criminal responsibility

  • Durham v. United States
  • Readiness for parole or probation
25
Q

Custody Evaluations

A

A psychological assessment of parents or guardians and their parental capacity and/or of children and their parental needs and preferences

  • Evaluation of the parent
  • Evaluation of the child
26
Q

Neuropsychology

A

The branch of psychology that focuses on the relationship between brain functioning and behavior

  • Formerly a specialty area within clinical psychology, has since emerged as a specialty in its own right
27
Q

Neuropsychological Assessment

A

The evaluation of brain and nervous system functioning as it related to behavior

28
Q

Purposes of NP Assessment

A
  • Extent of behavioral impairment
  • Future behavioral impairment
  • Disease progression (how far long)
29
Q

Purposes of NP Assessment

A
  • Extent of behavioral impairment
  • Future behavioral impairment
  • Disease progression (how far along)
  • Potentially effective treatments
  • Evaluating treatment effectiveness
30
Q

History Phrenology (Gall)

A
  • Intellect, thinking and behavior by surface of the skill
31
Q

History Broca and Wernicke

A

Attributed certain parts of the brain to aphasia

  • Damage to Broca’s area disabled speech
  • Damage to Wernicke’s area disabled language comprehension
32
Q

History Phineas Gage

A

The patient had one of his brain areas damaged by a pole and had problems with impulsivity

33
Q

History Arthur Benton

A

Father of clinical neuropsychology paired neurology with clinical psychology

34
Q

History Ward Halstead and Ralph Reitan

A
  • Studied brain damaged patients
  • Developed tests based on observing patients
35
Q

When is a neuropsychological evaluation indicated?

A
  • In most cases a patient is referred to a psychologist
  • A battery of tests will be conducted (most likely including an intelligent test, a personality test, and a perceptual-motor/memory test)
36
Q

Hard sign

A

An indicator of definite neurological deficits (cranial nerve damage: neuroimaging)

  • MRI, fMRI, SPECT, CT, PET, EMG, EEG
37
Q

Soft sign

A
  • What neuropsychological tests try to get at
  • An indicator that is merely suggestive of neurological deficits (an apparent inability to accurately copy a stimulus figure)
38
Q

Fixed vs Flexible [placeholder]

A

.

39
Q

Fixed

A

A fixed battery is a set of neurological tests determined by the test publisher

  • Luria-Nebraska
    -Halstead-Reitan
    -Mini-Mental State Exam
40
Q

Flexible

A

A flexible approach permits the clinician to choose the most appropriate tests case by case

  • Impaired memory
  • Schizophrenia
  • Localized brain damage
41
Q

Specific Assessment Areas: Memory

A

Short Term/Working Memory

Long Term:

  • Explicit Memory (declarative, semantic, episodic)

Semantic - factual material

Episodic- Memory for particular context or situation

Implicit Memory (procedural)

  • Memory for skills (e. g., riding a bicycle)

Tests

  • California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II)
  • Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-IV)
42
Q

Specific Assessment Areas: Abstract Thinking

A

NP decicits often involve very concrete thinking

  • Can you pass the salt
  • They made me jump through a lot of hoops
43
Q

Assessing Abstraction

A

Similarities subset (WAIS)

  • Object sorting task (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test)
  • Such deficits can be caused by psychological problems (e.g., schizophrenia, Autism)
44
Q

Specific Assessment Areas: Executive Functioning

A

Organizing, planning, cognitive flexibility, & impulse inhibition associated with frontal and prefrontal brain regions

Assessing EF:

  • Tower of Hanoi
  • Trail Tasks
  • Mazes
45
Q

Specific Assessment Areas: Verbal Functioning

A
  • May assess aphasia:
  • Loss of ability to express oneself or understand spoken or written language

Controlled Word Association Test:

  • Examinee lists words that begin with a specific letter
  • Naming tasks
  • Following verbal instructions
  • Writing familiar words

Psych 421 (15 decks)

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