Ch. 9 Allergens and Antigens Flashcards
what is the size range for most significant allergens?
10-60 um
what is the microscope magnification used to count pollen? fungi?
400x; 1000x respectively
what is the major allergens for Bahia?
Pas n 1, 13
True of False: Bahia and Johnson have significant cross-reactivity
False; their cross-reactivity is limited
what is the major allergen used in timothy grass slit tablets?
Phl p5; major allergens Phl p 1-13
Bermuda major allergens
Cyn d 1-14
Johnson major allergens
Sor h 1-14
Rye major allergens
Lol p 1-14
Bluegrass major allergens
Poa p 1-14
Ragweed major allergen
Amb a 1-10, profilin, and cystatin; Amb a 1 in ragweed slit
Mugwort major allergen
Art v 1-3 and profilin
what pollen grain is 20-35 um, spherical and periporate, like a golfball?
chenopods (lambs quarter) and amaranth (pigweed); also winscal or salbush, burning bush and russian thistle (may be the most imp cause of hay fever among chenopods)
what food pollen associations are most common with Ambrosia?
aka ragweed; banana, cantaloupe and watermelon
what are in the artemesia family? food-pollen relationships?
mugwort and sage; celery, spice, peach and mustard
what is a common allergen in the Mississippi River Basin?
Marshelder (Iva)
what is urticaceae? and where is it an important aeroallergen?
nettle; important in Europe; one of the smallest pollens (12-16 um)
what pollen has a “donut” appearance
Plantain
major allergen of Ash?
Fra a 1
major allergen of Birch
Bet v 1-7
major allergen of mountain cedar?
Jun a 1-3
major allergen of oak?
Que a 1
major allergen of olive?
Ole e 1-8
Major allergen of sycamore?
pla a 1
what trees belong to the Oleaceae family
ash, olive, privet and russian olive; significant cross-reactivity
what trees belong to the Betulaceae family?
Birch, alder, hazelnut and hornbeam
food pollen relationships with birch
almond, apple, apricot, celery, cherry, coriander, hazelnut, kiwi, nectarine, parsley, parsnip, pear, pepper, plum, peach, potato and walnut
what trees belong to the Cupressaceae fam?
mountain cedar, juniper, cypress
what is unique about moutain cedar? what does the pollen characteristically appear as
pollinates in winter; “cedar fever”; pac man shape when exine cracks open
what trees belong to the Fagaceae family?
oak, beech and chestnut
what other trees do oak cross-react with?
other Fagaceae members (beech and chestnut), but also birch and other Betulaceae members
pollen that looks like a watermelon?
Sycamore
why is pine pollen rarely implicated in allergy?
size; too large; 50-100 um
what are two important members of the Aceraceae family and what is a distinguishing characteristic?
Maple and box elder; maple is insect pollinated; box elder is wind pollinated; pollen looks like a “beach ball”
which species of trees pollinates in the fall?
Elm, except American Elm which pollinates in the expected spring months
what tree bark is used to make aspirin?
Willow; willow is also entemophilous, making it a less relevant allergen
what pollen looks like a pink lemon?
mulberry
what division of fungal taxonomy do most allergenic fungi fall within?
ascomycota; sexual spores that form ascus or “sacs”; considered a “rainy day sexual spore”
what fungal division does mucor and rhizopus fall under?
Zygomycota; asexual spores; found on soils, leaves and damp interiors; mucor can be an infection in diabetes patients
what fungi are part of the basidiomycota
puffballs, mushrooms, rust and smuts
what type of day are alternaria counts going to be the highest?
dry windy days; late summer-fall
what allergen sensitization has been associated with life-threatening asthma exacerbations?
alternaria
this allergen is the most abundant spore in temperate areas of the world; pollen looks like a chain of cigars; dry day spore and is prevalent indoors as well
cladosporium
what is a common indoor mold that produces mycotoxins and is implicated in a severe respiratory illness
aspergillus and ABPA
which two mold spores are often indistinguishable, unless grown in culture
aspergillus (paintbrush appearance) and penicillium (priest wand-thing)
perhaps an undervalued dry-day mold spore in allergic disease; looks like a brown “warty” soccer ball
Epicoccum
what is the name of “black mold”
Stachybotrys; toxin-producing; found in water-damaged areas indoors
what are the 3 common dry day spores
Alternaria, cladosporium and epicoccum (ACE)
what is a relevant dust mite in tropical locales (FL, Peurto Rico and Brazil)?
Blomia tropicalis
what is the dust mite allergen implicated in shrimp allergy
Der p 10
how much mite levels does it take for an atopic-predisposed person to become sensitized?
2 ug/g of dust
what is the homology of Der p1 and Der f1? Der p 2 and Der f 2?
80% and 88% respectively
what are the minor cat allergens?
Fel d 2 (albumin); Fel d 3
what amount of cat allergen is required for sensitization? risk factor for asthma?
2 ug/g; >10 ug/g may be risk factor for asthma in sensitive individual
what dog allergen is cross-reactive to human prostate-specific antigen and if sensitized to, could increase ons risk of reacting to seminal fluid?
Can f 5 (kallikrein)
major dog allergen
Can f 1; lipocalin found in salive and hair/dander
what is the most common cockroach in crowded North American cities? what concentration/amount is associated with sensitization and disease?
Blattella germanica; >10 ug/g of dust
what is a major outdoor pollutant involved in asthma exacerbations?
ozone; can increase airway neutrophils, IL6, IL8, leukotrienes and PGs and potentiates allergen challenges
what is both and indoor and outdoor pollutant that comes from burning fossil fuels, including natural gas
NO2; precursor to photochemical smog; increased allergen response at 0.4 ppm
what branch of the FDA licenses allergen extracts?
CEBR (center for biologics evaluation and research)
At what air quality index would you expect a sensitive individual to experience symptoms?
at 101-150; level orange
what is level red air quality index? purple? Maroon?
Red=unhealty= 151-200; purple=very unhealthy=201-300; maroon=hazardous=301-500
what are 2 commonly used units in immunotherapy for non-standardized extracts?
W/V and PNU/mL
what are the standardized proteins in venom extracts?
hyaluronidase and phospholipase
what is the role of glycerin? phenol?
stabilization; anti-microbial
what temp should allergens be stored ta?
2-8 C or 36-45 F
True or false: a more dilute extract will lose potency more quickly than a concentrated extract
True.
True or false: a lower volume storage vial will maintain potency for longer
False. the greater surface volume relative to volume in the vial may increase loss of potency
which pollen has starch inclusion granules?
dock or sorrel (Rumex)
which mold spores are more prevalent on rainy days
Fusarium, basidiomycota (smuts, rusts, mushrooms and puffballs) and ascomycota
what is the major mouse allergen? Source
Mus m 1; lipocalin; from urine of male
what is the mechanism of pigeon feeder and bird fancier’s HSP?
An IgG-mediated response to avian serum gamma globulin
What diluent reduces allergen adsorption to vial surfaces?
human serum albumin
