Ch. 9 Allergens and Antigens

Question 1

what is the size range for most significant allergens?

Answer 1

10-60 um

Question 2

what is the microscope magnification used to count pollen? fungi?

Answer 2

400x; 1000x respectively

Question 3

what is the major allergens for Bahia?

Answer 3

Pas n 1, 13

Question 4

True of False: Bahia and Johnson have significant cross-reactivity

Answer 4

False; their cross-reactivity is limited

Question 5

what is the major allergen used in timothy grass slit tablets?

Answer 5

Phl p5; major allergens Phl p 1-13

Question 6

Bermuda major allergens

Answer 6

Cyn d 1-14

Question 7

Johnson major allergens

Answer 7

Sor h 1-14

Question 8

Rye major allergens

Answer 8

Lol p 1-14

Question 9

Bluegrass major allergens

Answer 9

Poa p 1-14

Question 10

Ragweed major allergen

Answer 10

Amb a 1-10, profilin, and cystatin; Amb a 1 in ragweed slit

Question 11

Mugwort major allergen

Answer 11

Art v 1-3 and profilin

Question 12

what pollen grain is 20-35 um, spherical and periporate, like a golfball?

Answer 12

chenopods (lambs quarter) and amaranth (pigweed); also winscal or salbush, burning bush and russian thistle (may be the most imp cause of hay fever among chenopods)

Question 13

what food pollen associations are most common with Ambrosia?

Answer 13

aka ragweed; banana, cantaloupe and watermelon

Question 14

what are in the artemesia family? food-pollen relationships?

Answer 14

mugwort and sage; celery, spice, peach and mustard

Question 15

what is a common allergen in the Mississippi River Basin?

Answer 15

Marshelder (Iva)

Question 16

what is urticaceae? and where is it an important aeroallergen?

Answer 16

nettle; important in Europe; one of the smallest pollens (12-16 um)

Question 17

what pollen has a “donut” appearance

Answer 17

Plantain

Question 18

major allergen of Ash?

Answer 18

Fra a 1

Question 19

major allergen of Birch

Answer 19

Bet v 1-7

Question 20

major allergen of mountain cedar?

Answer 20

Jun a 1-3

Question 21

major allergen of oak?

Answer 21

Que a 1

Question 22

major allergen of olive?

Answer 22

Ole e 1-8

Question 23

Major allergen of sycamore?

Answer 23

pla a 1

Question 24

what trees belong to the Oleaceae family

Answer 24

ash, olive, privet and russian olive; significant cross-reactivity

Question 25

what trees belong to the Betulaceae family?

Answer 25

Birch, alder, hazelnut and hornbeam

Question 26

food pollen relationships with birch

Answer 26

almond, apple, apricot, celery, cherry, coriander, hazelnut, kiwi, nectarine, parsley, parsnip, pear, pepper, plum, peach, potato and walnut

Question 27

what trees belong to the Cupressaceae fam?

Answer 27

mountain cedar, juniper, cypress

Question 28

what is unique about moutain cedar? what does the pollen characteristically appear as

Answer 28

pollinates in winter; "cedar fever"; pac man shape when exine cracks open

Question 29

what trees belong to the Fagaceae family?

Answer 29

oak, beech and chestnut

Question 30

what other trees do oak cross-react with?

Answer 30

other Fagaceae members (beech and chestnut), but also birch and other Betulaceae members

Question 31

pollen that looks like a watermelon?

Answer 31

Sycamore

Question 32

why is pine pollen rarely implicated in allergy?

Answer 32

size; too large; 50-100 um

Question 33

what are two important members of the Aceraceae family and what is a distinguishing characteristic?

Answer 33

Maple and box elder; maple is insect pollinated; box elder is wind pollinated; pollen looks like a "beach ball"

Question 34

which species of trees pollinates in the fall?

Answer 34

Elm, except American Elm which pollinates in the expected spring months

Question 35

what tree bark is used to make aspirin?

Answer 35

Willow; willow is also entemophilous, making it a less relevant allergen

Question 36

what pollen looks like a pink lemon?

Answer 36

mulberry

Question 37

what division of fungal taxonomy do most allergenic fungi fall within?

Answer 37

ascomycota; sexual spores that form ascus or "sacs"; considered a "rainy day sexual spore"

Question 38

what fungal division does mucor and rhizopus fall under?

Answer 38

Zygomycota; asexual spores; found on soils, leaves and damp interiors; mucor can be an infection in diabetes patients

Question 39

what fungi are part of the basidiomycota

Answer 39

puffballs, mushrooms, rust and smuts

Question 40

what type of day are alternaria counts going to be the highest?

Answer 40

dry windy days; late summer-fall

Question 41

what allergen sensitization has been associated with life-threatening asthma exacerbations?

Answer 41

alternaria

Question 42

this allergen is the most abundant spore in temperate areas of the world; pollen looks like a chain of cigars; dry day spore and is prevalent indoors as well

Answer 42

cladosporium

Question 43

what is a common indoor mold that produces mycotoxins and is implicated in a severe respiratory illness

Answer 43

aspergillus and ABPA

Question 44

which two mold spores are often indistinguishable, unless grown in culture

Answer 44

aspergillus (paintbrush appearance) and penicillium (priest wand-thing)

Question 45

perhaps an undervalued dry-day mold spore in allergic disease; looks like a brown "warty" soccer ball

Answer 45

Epicoccum

Question 46

what is the name of "black mold"

Answer 46

Stachybotrys; toxin-producing; found in water-damaged areas indoors

Question 47

what are the 3 common dry day spores

Answer 47

Alternaria, cladosporium and epicoccum (ACE)

Question 48

what is a relevant dust mite in tropical locales (FL, Peurto Rico and Brazil)?

Answer 48

Blomia tropicalis

Question 49

what is the dust mite allergen implicated in shrimp allergy

Answer 49

Der p 10

Question 50

how much mite levels does it take for an atopic-predisposed person to become sensitized?

Answer 50

2 ug/g of dust

Question 51

what is the homology of Der p1 and Der f1? Der p 2 and Der f 2?

Answer 51

80% and 88% respectively

Question 52

what are the minor cat allergens?

Answer 52

Fel d 2 (albumin); Fel d 3

Question 53

what amount of cat allergen is required for sensitization? risk factor for asthma?

Answer 53

2 ug/g; >10 ug/g may be risk factor for asthma in sensitive individual

Question 54

what dog allergen is cross-reactive to human prostate-specific antigen and if sensitized to, could increase ons risk of reacting to seminal fluid?

Answer 54

Can f 5 (kallikrein)

Question 55

major dog allergen

Answer 55

Can f 1; lipocalin found in salive and hair/dander

Question 56

what is the most common cockroach in crowded North American cities? what concentration/amount is associated with sensitization and disease?

Answer 56

Blattella germanica; >10 ug/g of dust

Question 57

what is a major outdoor pollutant involved in asthma exacerbations?

Answer 57

ozone; can increase airway neutrophils, IL6, IL8, leukotrienes and PGs and potentiates allergen challenges

Question 58

what is both and indoor and outdoor pollutant that comes from burning fossil fuels, including natural gas

Answer 58

NO2; precursor to photochemical smog; increased allergen response at 0.4 ppm

Question 59

what branch of the FDA licenses allergen extracts?

Answer 59

CEBR (center for biologics evaluation and research)

Question 60

At what air quality index would you expect a sensitive individual to experience symptoms?

Answer 60

at 101-150; level orange

Question 61

what is level red air quality index? purple? Maroon?

Answer 61

Red=unhealty= 151-200; purple=very unhealthy=201-300; maroon=hazardous=301-500

Question 62

what are 2 commonly used units in immunotherapy for non-standardized extracts?

Answer 62

W/V and PNU/mL

Question 63

what are the standardized proteins in venom extracts?

Answer 63

hyaluronidase and phospholipase

Question 64

what is the role of glycerin? phenol?

Answer 64

stabilization; anti-microbial

Question 65

what temp should allergens be stored ta?

Answer 65

2-8 C or 36-45 F

Question 66

True or false: a more dilute extract will lose potency more quickly than a concentrated extract

Answer 66

True.

Question 67

True or false: a lower volume storage vial will maintain potency for longer

Answer 67

False. the greater surface volume relative to volume in the vial may increase loss of potency

Question 68

which pollen has starch inclusion granules?

Answer 68

dock or sorrel (Rumex)

Question 69

which mold spores are more prevalent on rainy days

Answer 69

Fusarium, basidiomycota (smuts, rusts, mushrooms and puffballs) and ascomycota

Question 70

what is the major mouse allergen? Source

Answer 70

Mus m 1; lipocalin; from urine of male

Question 71

what is the mechanism of pigeon feeder and bird fancier's HSP?

Answer 71

An IgG-mediated response to avian serum gamma globulin

Question 72

What diluent reduces allergen adsorption to vial surfaces?

Answer 72

human serum albumin