Ch. 9

Question 1

________ is the process of acquiring new information, whereas ________ is the trace that results from this process and can be revealed at a later time.

Answer 1

learning ; memory

Question 2

________ refers to the processing of incoming information to be stored.

Answer 2

Encoding

Question 3

The encoding of information to be stored involves two stages: ________, in which inputs in sensory buffers and sensory analysis stages are registered, and then ________, in which a stronger representation for storage is created.

Answer 3

acquisition ; consolidation

Question 4

Research using the mismatch field (MMF), which is the magnetic equivalent of the mismatch
negativity (MMN), has suggested that auditory sensory memory has a duration of about

Answer 4

10 seconds.

Question 5

George Miller and other investigators found that humans can hold about ________ items in short-term memory at a time.

Answer 5

Seven

Question 6

Organizing individual bits of information into higher-order units can increase the amount of
information that can be held in short-term memory. This strategy is called

Answer 6

chunking.

Question 7

Visual sensory memory is to ________ as auditory sensory memory is to ________.

Answer 7

iconic memory ; echoic memory

Question 8

One major difference between the visual icon and the auditory echo is that the

Answer 8

auditory echo lasts longer than the visual icon.

Question 9

According to the modal model of memory, information that is currently held within short-term memory originates from

Answer 9

sensory memory

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the flow of information in the Atkinson and Shiffrin
(1968) modal model of memory?

Answer 10

sensory memory → short-term storage → long-term storage

Question 11

Which of the following statements concerning types of memory in the modal model of memory is FALSE?

Answer 11

Some contents of sensory memory are selected via attention and next processed in long- term memory.

Question 12

You learn of an experiment conducted in 1942 by a researcher named Malmo. Malmo discovered that monkeys with certain lesions were impaired in a delayed-response task, but not when the lights were turned off. Malmo hypothesized that switching off the lights removed potential interference. Which of the following theories incorporates this kind of short-term interference?

Answer 12

the modal model of memory

Question 13

A patient visits a neurologist and complains of memory problems like remembering telephone numbers. After a few tests, the neurologist determines that there is a large impairment in the digit span, but no impairment in remembering the past or in forming new memories. Which brain area is the most likely to be impaired?

Answer 13

the left perisylvian cortex

Question 14

The term ________ refers to a limited-capacity store that not only retains information over the short term (maintenance) but also permits the performance of mental operations with the contents of this store (manipulation).

Answer 14

working memory

Question 15

One property of the central executive mechanism proposed by Baddeley and Hitch is that

Answer 15

it is not linked to a single modality.

Question 16

The component that is responsible for acoustically coding information in working memory is
the

Answer 16

phonological loop.

Question 17

One finding that supports the idea that information in working memory is represented by an acoustic (auditory) code rather than a semantic (meaning-based) code is that when participants are given a list of words to learn and then are immediately tested for recall,

Answer 17

performance is worse when the list contains items that are similar in sound.

Question 18

Of the following choices, damage to the ________ is most likely to result in impairment to the visuospatial sketch pad, or visual working memory.

Answer 18

parietal–occipital cortex

Question 19

Declarative or explicit memory is knowledge that

Answer 19

one can access consciously.

Question 20

Implicit memory is to ________ as explicit memory is to ________.

Answer 20

priming ; episodic memory

Question 21

Barbara remembers that Madrid is the capital of Spain, but she has no idea when or where she acquired this knowledge. Her ________ memory is accurate, but her ________ memory is incomplete.

Answer 21

semantic ; episodic

Question 22

Classical conditioning is an example of a specific type of ________ memory.

Answer 22

nondeclarative

Question 23

________ does NOT affect behavior consciously.

Answer 23

Nondeclarative memory

Question 24

Deficits in memory as a function of brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma are known collectively as

Answer 24

amnesia.

Question 25

A 1957 study of patients who had undergone removal of the medial temporal lobe for the
treatment of epilepsy suggested that

Answer 25

profound amnesia is associated only with bilateral medial temporal lobe removal.

Question 26

Which of the following would be the most difficult for the famous patient H.M. and other patients with medial temporal lobe removal?

Answer 26

learning the words for numbers in a foreign language

Question 27

Your favorite cartoon character has been struck over the head and can no longer remember
his name or where he lives. This is an example of

Answer 27

retrograde amnesia.

Question 28

After suffering a severe head injury, a patient demonstrates a dense anterograde amnesia. She

Answer 28

cannot remember events that occurred after the injury.

Question 29

Which brain structure is located in the medial temporal lobe and is of particular importance in the formation of new long-term memories?

Answer 29

the hippocampus

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT an area of cortex in the medial temporal lobe that interacts
with the hippocampus in the formation of new long-term memories?

Answer 30

cingulate

Question 31

Patient H.M. is to the ________ as patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome are to the ________.

Answer 31

medial temporal lobes ; diencephalon

Question 32

Following a case of encephalitis, a person has developed lesions in his anterior temporal lobes, but his medial temporal structures are intact. Which of the following is most likely to be true of this person?

Answer 32

The person has isolated retrograde amnesia.

Question 33

After a brain injury, a person is found to have isolated retrograde amnesia. Which of the
following brain regions is probably damaged?

Answer 33

the anterior temporal lobes

Question 34

Which of the following statements is true of the kind of amnesia demonstrated by people with bilateral hippocampal damage (like patients H.M. and R.B.) or people with diencephalon injury (like people with Korsakoff’s syndrome)?

Answer 34

They can still learn new skills, such as the serial reaction time task, after the injury.

Question 35

The memory performance of patients K.F. and E.E., when compared to the memory performance of people with amnesia, such as patient H.M, demonstrates a double dissociation between two types of memory. Which of the following statements best describes these results?

Answer 35

H.M. has a deficit limited to long-term memory, whereas K.F. and E.E. have deficits limited to short-term memory.

Question 36

It appears that the medial temporal lobes and the diencephalon are important in consolidating explicit long-term memories but are not themselves the storage sites for this knowledge because

Answer 36

most episodic and semantic memories acquired before injury to these structures will remain intact.

Question 37

In the delayed nonmatching to sample task, animals are taught in a single trial that a specific object is associated with a food reward. When this object is shown again in a subsequent trial in the presence of a new object, the animal

Answer 37

must select the new item to receive a food reward.

Question 38

Neuroimaging work has suggested that during the retrieval of a list of studied items, the
hippocampus is most active

Answer 38

for items that are correctly recollected as old items.

Question 39

Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological work in memory has attempted to disentangle ________, which seems to implicate the hippocampus and the posterior parahippocampal cortex, from ________, which seems to implicate the perirhinal cortex.

Answer 39

recollection ; familiarity

Question 40

Neuroimaging studies of the left and right hemispheres in memory function indicate that

Answer 40

encoding and retrieval processes in long-term memory may be lateralized to different hemispheres.

Question 41

When individuals encode information that relates to themselves, which of following regions is particularly likely to be active?

Answer 41

retrosplenial cortex

Question 42

Under the standard consolidation theory, the involvement of the hippocampus in accessing
memories is best described as

Answer 42

temporary.

Question 43

Under the multiple trace theory, the neocortex is to semantic memory as the hippocampus is to

Answer 43

episodic memory.

Question 44

Herpes simplex encephalitis shares which characteristic with semantic dementia?

Answer 44

viral transmission

Question 45

Hebbian learning occurs when

Answer 45

a synapse is strengthened by the synchronous activity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.

Question 46

Long-term potentiation does NOT occur unless the neurotransmitter ________ is present in the synapse to bind to postsynaptic NMDA receptors.

Answer 46

glutamate

Question 47

Imagine that a new drug is discovered that acts by depleting the brain of free magnesium
ions. How would this drug affect long-term potentiation (LTP)?

Answer 47

The amount of LTP would increase.

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true regarding the role of NMDA receptors in mediating LTP in the brain?

Answer 48

NMDA receptors are critical to inducing LTP but not to maintaining LTP.