Ch. 6 Flashcards
The term associative agnosia is reserved for patients who
cannot recognize objects despite having normal perceptual representations
A patient like G.S. who had visual object agnosia would have difficulty in identifying an object unless
he was permitted to touch the object before making a response.
When her telephone rings, a patient who has been diagnosed with visual object agnosia immediately picks up the receiver and answers it correctly. Why doesn’t this person show any signs of an object recognition deficit in this scenario?
The patient can use the sound of the ringing telephone to cue its recognition.
When a picture of a hammer is placed in front of Patient H, she is unable to identify it. How can you determine if her difficulty is in recognizing the object or in simply remembering its name?
Ask her to demonstrate its use rather than identifying it.
Anatomical outputs from the occipital lobe follow two major axon bundles that terminate in the
________ and ________.
inferior temporal lobe ; posterior parietal lobe
With regard to the two main output pathways from the occipital lobe, ________ is to ________ as dorsal is to ventral.
“Where”; “What”
The “what” versus “where” distinction is supported by single-cell recording studies showing that neurons in the ________ lobes have receptive fields that are almost always located in the fovea, where high-acuity vision takes place.
Inferior Temporal
During a single-cell recording study, you locate a neuron in one of the two main output pathways from the occipital cortex that has a large receptive field in the central part of the visual field. The cell probably lies inside the ________ pathway and is specialized for ________.
Temporal; Object Recognition
Eliminating a gnostic unit would
Completely disrupt recognition of a complex object.
Which of the following is NOT a problem with the idea that single neurons encode the mental representations for all possible complex visual stimuli?
There is no neurophysiological evidence that visual cells respond to specific types of stimuli.
According to ensemble theories of object recognition, it is possible to confuse similar-looking objects because
objects that appear similar activate overlapping networks of cells.
Pohl (1973) conducted a study of the “what” and “where” pathways in brain-lesioned monkeys using two different tasks: a landmark discrimination task, which required a visuospatial judgment, and an object discrimination task, which required object recognition. He found that monkeys with temporal lobe lesions became severely impaired in learning the ________ task but not the ________ task. Monkeys with posterior parietal lesions showed the ________ pattern of performance.
object discrimination ; landmark discrimination ; opposite
The patient D.F., studied by Goodale and Milner (1982), had severe problems with object
recognition. When presented with a circular block into which a slot had been cut,
D.F. was able to insert a card into the slot when asked to do so, even though she was unable
to follow the instruction to orient the card so that it would fit.
A role of the dorsal visual system in computing the argues for a dichotomy between
“what” and “how”.
Optic ataxia is an inability to
use visual information to guide movements
. Optic ataxia is to associative visual agnosia as ________ lesions are to ________ lesions.
dorsal pathway ; ventral pathway
________ is the ability to recognize an object under many different viewing conditions and in many different contexts.
Object constancy
An undercover agent notices a green car parked outside her apartment building when she leaves for work at 8:00 a.m. Later she notices the same car in a store parking lot and becomes suspicious that she is being followed. The agent’s ability to recognize the car under these two different circumstances is an example of
object constancy.
Which of the following is NOT a major reason why the visual information reflected by an object will
vary over different viewings?
Objects are associated with view-dependent major axes.
The statement “recognition of a visual pattern at a later time occurs only if you can match the stimulus to its exact stored representation” is most consistent with which theory of pattern perception?
view-dependent
One limitation of view-dependent theories of object recognition is that
separate templates must be generated and stored for each different view of a given object.
According to ________ theories of object recognition, when one sees an object such as a bicycle, recognition depends on the ability to detect properties that do not depend on specific viewing conditions.
view-invariant
In fMRI studies, when a stimulus is repeated, the BOLD response can be ________ for the second
presentation compared to the first. This is known as the ________.
lower ; repetition suppression effect
With regard to perception, the term feature refers to
a fundamental component of a visual pattern, such as edge orientation or color.
Which of the following visual object properties best illustrates the concept of a visually invariant property?
the major and minor axes of an object
After suffering from a focal brain injury, a patient has difficulty in recognizing visually presented objects, despite normal acuity and color perception. Notably, she has severe difficulty in judging whether two pictures, each showing a different view, represent the same object. What is the most probable diagnosis?
apperceptive agnosia
Warrington (1985) proposed an anatomical model of the cognitive operations necessary to explain object recognition. The first stage in this model involves the detection and categorization of visually invariant information, which occurs in the ________ hemisphere; the second stage involves the semantic categorization of visual input, which occurs in ________ hemisphere(s).
right ; the left
Generally, in anatomical studies of object recognition deficits, ________ posterior lesions are
associated with ________ agnosia.
left hemisphere ; associative
According to Warrington’s model, patients with left posterior lesions should be particularly impaired in
linking functionally associated visual inputs.
A patient who has difficulty matching pictures of the same object taken from different vantage
points may be showing which dysfunction?
apperceptive agnosia
Which of the following statements does NOT explain why some patients are visually agnosic for living (animate) things versus nonliving (inanimate) things?
There are more familiar animate objects in the environment than inanimate objects.
Humphreys and Riddoch (1994) described a patient with a syndrome they called integrative
agnosia, which was characterized by difficulty in
combining parts of objects into coherent whole percepts.
A person with apperceptive visual agnosia has difficulty in recognizing drawings of familiar objects, such as an apple. If she were asked to imagine an apple rather than to inspect a picture of an apple, you would expect to find that
she has great difficulty in generating visual images as well as visual perception because the two skills share common brain regions.
________ is to ________ as face recognition is to object recognition.
Prosopagnosia ; agnosia
Why do people fail to notice when the mouth and eyes of an inverted face remain upright?
The overall configuration remains the same.
Patients with prosopagnosia typically have difficulty recognizing
the faces of both their friends and famous people.
A major source of evidence against the idea that faces are processed in a special brain region in humans is that the candidate region
is recruited when people have to make discriminations among highly familiar stimuli.
When a person who has learned to read proficiently subsequently develops reading problems as a
result of brain injury, this deficit is called
acquired alexia.
Prosopagnosia is to alexia as ________ is to ________.
face recognition ; reading
Which of the following is a brain region that would likely be implicated in processing spatial relations in an outdoor scene?
the parahippocampal place area (PPA)
A researcher wishes to investigate the visual processing of bodies in the human brain using TMS.
Where should he or she stimulate?
On the border of the occipital and temporal lobes
Which of the following factors does NOT restrict our ability to decode information from the brain?
the spatial resolution of our equipment
To create an effective encoding model of the brain’s visual activity, what properties should be used to model V1 voxel activity?
receptive field properties
Which characteristic of brain activity is promising for the potential to decode dreams in the future?
Activity patterns during perception resemble those generated when people imagine the same object.
When patients in vegetative states show typical brain activity after being asked to imagine something, how do we know this is not automatic priming?
The patient responded with volition.
