Ch. 10

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of emotions?

Answer 1

similarity to moods

Question 2

Emotions are ________ responses to external or internal stimuli.

Answer 2

valenced

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the six basic facial expressions representing emotional states?

Answer 3

Jealousy

Question 4

One theory of emotion and the brain from the mid 20th century implicated the hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus. These structures were later named the ________ circuit.

Answer 4

Papez

Question 5

Which of the following structures of the limbic system is NOT involved in emotion?

Answer 5

hippocampus

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a well-established basic emotion?

Answer 6

contempt

Question 7

A patient reports feeling intense sadness. Which of the following signs would indicate that this is true?

Answer 7

all of the above

Question 8

Some theories of emotion employ a factor approach. In one conceptualization, the first factor is ________, or how pleasant or unpleasant the stimulus is, and the second factor is ________, or how intense the emotional response is.

Answer 8

valence ; arousal

Question 9

In one conceptualization of emotions (Davidson et al. 1990), some emotional states such as happiness and surprise create a tendency to ________, whereas other emotional states such as fear and disgust create a tendency to ________.

Answer 9

approach ; withdraw

Question 10

John spots a snake in the forest. He immediately runs away from it and then notes that he is scared as he is running. Which of the following theories would suggest that his feeling of fear is due entirely to the fact that John notices his physiological response?

Answer 10

James-Lange theory

Question 11

John spots a snake in the forest. He immediately runs away from it and then notes that he is scared as he is running. Which of the following theories would suggest that his feeling of fear is entirely independent of him noticing his physiological response?

Answer 11

Cannon-Bard theory

Question 12

John spots a snake in the forest. He immediately runs away from it and then notes that he is scared as he is running. Which of the following theories would suggest that his feeling of fear is dependent on language and culture?

Answer 12

constructivist theories

Question 13

John spots a snake in the forest. He immediately runs away from it and then notes that he is scared as he is running. Which of the following theories would suggest that his feeling of fear directs multiple coordinated cognitive subprograms?

Answer 13

evolutionary theories

Question 14

John spots a snake in the forest. He immediately runs away from it and then notes that he is scared as he is running. Which of the following theories would suggest that his feeling of fear is dependent on parallel systems for emotional responses and their conscious identification?

Answer 14

LeDoux’s high road and low road theory

Question 15

Klüver–Bucy syndrome is associated with damage to which brain structure or region?

Answer 15

the amygdala

Question 16

The ________ is a small, almond-shaped structure in the medial temporal lobe, immediately adjacent to the anterior portion of the ________.

Answer 16

amygdala ; hippocampus

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT true of the amygdala?

Answer 17

It is involved in the encoding of memory.

Question 18

The amygdala consists of several subnuclei. During fear conditioning, information converges
on the ________ of the amygdala and from there projects to the ________.

Answer 18

lateral nucleus ; central nucleus

Question 19

You conduct an experiment in which you expose a rat repeatedly to a 440 Hz tone and an electric shock. After a few trials, the rat begins to show signs of fear in response to the tone. In this paradigm, the electric shock is the ________ while the tone is the ________.

Answer 19

unconditioned stimulus ; conditioned stimulus

Question 20

Fear conditioning is a more specific instance of

Answer 20

classical conditioning.

Question 21

Lesions to the amygdala ________ unconditioned responses to aversive events, ________ the
ability to acquire and express a conditioned response to neutral stimuli.

Answer 21

do not block ; but they do block

Question 22

One of the two pathways of the amygdala is known as the “low road.” This pathway can be characterized as ________ and involves a ________.

Answer 22

“quick and dirty” ; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala

Question 23

One of the two pathways of the amygdala is known as the “high road.” This pathway can be
characterized as _________ and involves a ________.

Answer 23

“slow and analytical” ; project to the cortex.

Question 24

Patient S.P., who had bilateral damage to the amygdala, participated in a study involving the pairing of a blue square with an electric shock. S.P.’s skin conductance response (SCR) and verbal report indicated that

Answer 24

she had an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square but did not demonstrate any implicit fear-conditioning SCR response.

Question 25

Which of the following is true about the role of the amygdala in explicit emotional learning?

Answer 25

The amygdala performs a modulatory role in declarative memory.

Question 26

In a fear-conditioning experiment, you find a person who shows a normal skin conductance response to a conditioned stimulus (such as a blue square) but who does not consciously remember the pairing of the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus (such as a shock). This person may have damage to the

Answer 26

hippocampus.

Question 27

A double dissociation has been demonstrated between people with damage to the ________, who show impairment in the explicit or declarative aspects of fear conditioning, and people with damage to the ________, who show impairment in the implicit or nondeclarative aspects of fear conditioning.

Answer 27

hippocampus ; amygdala

Question 28

Which of the following is a way in which the amygdala interacts with hippocampus-
dependent memories?

Answer 28

enhancing the strength of explicit or declarative memories for emotional events

Question 29

Which of the following is true regarding the amygdala and emotional learning?

Answer 29

The amygdala plays a role in the expression of fear responses, regardless of
whether the initial learning was implicit or explicit.

Question 30

A rat’s performance on the Morris water maze, a test of spatial ability and memory, will be
affected in what way by a lesion to the amygdala?

Answer 30

The rat will not be impaired in a basic water maze task, but it will fail to show the
stronger retention that would otherwise be expected if the task includes a physical stressor.

Question 31

Which of the following results best supports the notion that the amygdala modulates the consolidation of hippocampus-based memories?

Answer 31

Modulation of hippocampus-based learning by arousal occurs after the initial encoding of the task, during retention.

Question 32

The mechanism through which the amygdala modulates hippocampus-based learning may be related to the observation that

Answer 32

arousing stimuli decay less quickly than nonarousing stimuli do.

Question 33

Neuroimaging of the perception of facial expression suggests that

Answer 33

the amygdala responds most strongly to fearful faces, but it also shows some response to other expressions.

Question 34

The amygdala responds to fearful facial expressions

Answer 34

regardless of whether the face is consciously perceived.

Question 35

Which of the following is typically true of people with bilateral damage to the amygdala?

Answer 35

They are like controls in their implicit and explicit reactions to race.

Question 36

The implicit association test (IAT) measures the degree to which social groups are automatically associated with positive and negative evaluations. Which of the following is FALSE regarding this test?

Answer 36

The IAT is designed to reflect declarative memories.

Question 37

Research on racial stereotypes conducted by Phelps and colleagues (2000) suggested that when European–American participants viewed pictures of unfamiliar African–American men, activity in the ________ of these participants was correlated with the results of ________ behavioral measures of racial beliefs and attitudes.

Answer 37

amygdala ; indirect or implicit

Question 38

Which of the following is true regarding the amygdala and indirect evaluations of racial bias?

Answer 38

White participants who show greater amygdala activity during the presentation of black faces tend to have stronger racial bias as measured by an implicit behavioral task.

Question 39

Cunningham and colleagues (2004) suggested that although the amygdala plays a role in the automatic evaluation of social groups, controlled processing may implicate which of the following brain regions?

Answer 39

the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 40

Emotional regulation refers to the processes that influence emotions in which of the following ways?

Answer 40

all of the above

Question 41

EEG studies have found that those with more ________ activity are better able to suppress
negative emotion voluntarily.

Answer 41

left-sided

Question 42

A friend comes into your house and eats all the chocolate in your pantry. You come in and at first are very angry. Then you think to yourself, “That’s actually better for me. Now I don’t have to eat all those calories.” What have you done?

Answer 42

all of the above

Question 43

Which area of the frontal lobe does NOT show increased activity in the cognitive control of
emotion?

Answer 43

left lateral prefrontal cortex

Question 44

The insula is involved in which of the following?

Answer 44

none of the above