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BIO 201 > Ch 9 > Flashcards

Ch 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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2
Q

What are the five functions of muscles?

A
  1. move bones
  2. open sphincters
  3. generate heat
  4. maintain posture
  5. stabilize joints
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3
Q

Which muscle type do we have voluntary control of?

A

skeletal

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4
Q

This type of muscle tissue is striated, voluntary; usually attached to skeleton (except sphincters)

A

Skeletal Muscle

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5
Q

This type of muslce tissue is: striated, involuntary, intercalated disks connect cytoplasm of cells; found in heart

A

Cardiac Muscle

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6
Q

not striated, involuntary; found in walls of hollow organs (visceral organs)

A

Smooth Muscle

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7
Q

What two types of muscles are striated?

A

Skeletal and Cardiac

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8
Q

What type of muslce tissue is multinucleated?

A

Skeletal

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9
Q

What two types of muscle tissue has a single nucelus?

A

Smooth and Cardiac

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10
Q

What do muscles do when they are stimulated?

A

contract

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11
Q

When a muscle is said to be excited this a responce to?

A

a stimulius or envronmental change

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12
Q

If a muscle is stretched passivly this is called?

A

extend

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13
Q

This is when muscles return to their resting length after being shortened?

A

elastic

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14
Q

Muscle movement is a result of muslce?

A

contraction

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15
Q

red pigment - stores oxygen in muscle (as opposed to hemoglobin in blood)

A

myoglobin

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16
Q

stored glucose (energy) in muscle

A

glycogen

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17
Q

Glucose and oxygen combine to make?

A

ATP

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18
Q

skeletal muscle is considered an

A

organ

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19
Q

This surrounds each muscle fiber ?

A

endomysium

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20
Q

This surrounds a fascicle (bundle of muscle fibers)?

A

perimysium

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21
Q

fibrous connective tissue that surrounds entire muscle

A

epimysium

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22
Q

coarse fibrous tissue that organizes muscle into functional groups; gives rise to tendons

A

fascia

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23
Q

Muscles have two types of attachmetns to fascia?

A

Indirect and direct

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24
Q

Tendons and aponeurosis are two ways to that muscle can attach to the fascia. These are know as____ attachments?

A

indirect

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25
Q

A _______ is where the epimysium is fused to the periosteum (bone) or to the perichondrium (cartilage)

A

direct attachment

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26
Q

What attaches to less movable part of the bone

A

orgin

27
Q

What attaches to a more movable part of the bone?

A

Insertion

28
Q

A muscle fiber is also know as a ?

A

muscle cell

29
Q

cell membrane of muscle cell?

A

Sarcolemma

30
Q

cytoplasm of muscle cell is called?

A

Sarcoplasm

31
Q

What are the bundles of proteins in a muscle cell called?

A

myofibrils

32
Q

repeating sections of myofibrils are called?

A

sarcomeres

33
Q

Each sarcomere contains thick and thin?

A

filaments

34
Q

Thick filaments in sarcomeres are called?

A

myosin

35
Q

Thin filaments in sarcomeres are called?

A

actin

36
Q

Elastic filaments in sarcomeres are called?

A

titin

37
Q

Thick filaments slide past thin filaments during_____?

A

Contraction

38
Q

Myosin filaments ______ form cross- bridges to attach to actin , so that ________ can occur

A

heads, contraction

39
Q

protein that blocks active sites of actin, preventing cross-bridging

A

tropomyosin

40
Q

When the actin and myosin can attach this is called?

A

actin-myosin cross-bridging

41
Q

when Ca2+ attaches to______, it moves tropomyosin out of the way

A

troponin

42
Q

system of tubules around each myofibril, regulates Ca2+ levels

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

43
Q

invaginations of the sarcolemma that go deeply into the myofibrils

A

Transverse or T-tubules

44
Q

activation of myosin cross bridges, shortens the muscle fiber

A

Contraction

45
Q

inactivation of the cross bridges and tension

declines (muscle fiber returns passively to longer shape)

A

Relaxation

46
Q

thin filaments are pulled past thick filaments by cross-bridges

A

Sliding Filament Theory

47
Q

What molecule prevents attachment of myosin heads to actin?

A

tropomyosin

48
Q

Which muscle filament changes length during contraction?

actin nor myosin

A

neither actin nor myosin

49
Q

Nerve impulse moving down a motor neuron is called?

A

action potential

50
Q

What is the location where neuron stimulates the muscle cell (site between nerve cell & muscle cell!)

A

Neuromuscular junction

51
Q

When an impulse moves down a neuron, Na rushes into neuron, and K+ rushes out. This is called?

A

depolarization

52
Q

What causes synaptic vesicles (containing ACh neurotransmitter) to fuse with axon membrane, releasing the ACh

A

Ca2+

53
Q

What is the response by a single muscle fiber to a stimulus that is at least at threshold level (7-100msec) called?

A

Muscle Twitch

54
Q

Period between stimulation and excitation (2msec): preparing to contract (ions moving!)

A

latent period

55
Q

period: cross bridging, tension peaks

A

contraction

56
Q

Ca2+ goes back into SR; muscle tension decreases what period is this?

A

relaxation period

57
Q

What are the four functional characteristics of muslces?

A

contract

excited

extend

elastic

58
Q

With a nerve impules Na rushes in and K rushes out. This is called?

A

Depolarization

59
Q

Name for weak muscle disease due to shortage of ACh receptors, probable autoimmune disease

A

Myasthenia Gravis

60
Q

A stimlus is not dependent on the strength of the stimulus. Rather, if the stimlus reaches the threshold, a muscle fiber will give a complte responce. This is called.

A

All of none law

61
Q

one motor neuron and all muscle fibers (cells) it innervates is called?

A

Motor Unit

62
Q

: minimal force to cause the first contraction

A

a threshold stimulus

63
Q

strongest stimulus that produces increased force, all motor units are firing

A

maximal stimulus

64
Q
A

BIO 201 (12 decks)

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