CH 8 Flashcards
How are joints classified by function?
by amount of movement allowed at the joint
These are immovable joints
synarthroses
slightly movable joints are called?
amphiarthroses
These joints are freely movable and ligaments hold it together with a wide range of motion
diarthroses
How are joints classified by structure?
by the materials that join them together
Synarthroses joined by fibrous tissue, no joint cavity present. What type of joint is this?
fibrous joints
These joints are connected by cartilage
cartilaginous joints
cartilaginous joints epiphyseal plates
Synchondrosis
Intervertebral disks of the spine and Pubic symphysis are examples of what type of cartilaginous joints
Symphyses
most moveable joints;
diarthroses, fluid-filled joint cavity
synovial joints
where 2 bones fuse so boundary disappears (e.g., frontal bones, epiphyseal lines of mature bones)
synostosis
joint where bones are connected by a ligament or an interosseous membrane
e.g., between tibia and fibula
syndesmosis
where teeth are bolted into bony sockets by periodontal ligament
gomphoses
joint between the pubic bones
pubic symphysis
synovial joints have what two components ?
articular cartilage, synovial cavity
synovial joint cavity is surrounded by a 2-layer capsule
articular capsule
synovial joint continuous with periosteum of articulating bones
outer fibrous capsule
membrane of loose connective tissue, covers all internal surfaces of synovial joint
inner synovial membrane
viscous fluid of hyaluronic acid
Synovial fluid
fibrocartilage pad between bones
meniscus
cushions the bones
fat pads
water balloons” in connective tissue, have synovial fluid
bursae
inflammation from repetitive motion
bursitis
pressure bursitis at base of big toe
bunion
limited movement, flat articular surfaces
Ex: carpals and tarsals, clavicle and sternum, vertebrae
gliding movements
Movement reduces angle between bones
flexion
increases angle between bones
extension
goes beyond anatomical position (e.g., head back, trunk back)
hyperextension
elevate sole, point toes up toward shin
dorsiflexion
point toes down; stand on tip toes
plantar flexion
“taken away” from body
abduction
move “to” the body
adduction
moving a limb so it describes a cone in space
circumduction
movement around a central axis
rotational movement
turning palm down
pronation
turning palm up
supination
sole of foot turns medially
inversion
sole of foot faces laterally
eversion
moving a part anteriorly Ex: jaw forward
protraction
moving a part posteriorly Ex: shoulders back
retraction
moving a part up Ex: shrug shoulders
elevation
moving something down Ex: open mouth
depression
grasping of thumb
. opposition
example of condyloid or ellipsoidal joint
phalanges with metacarpals or metatarsals
ball and socket diarthrosis shoulder joint greatest range of motion, dislocates easily
glenohumeral
These ligaments prevent overextension and hyperflexion
cruciate ligaments
These are two types of knee joints
femoropatellar joint and tibiofemoral joint
This bone allows for flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction and rotation
hip (coxal)
contains an artery to nourish head of femur
ligamentum teres
Ligamnet that restricts extension
iliofemoral ligament
uric acid crystals deposit in soft tissues of joints, big toe
gouty arthritis
