Ch 9/19: Sexuality across lifestyle Flashcards
1
Q
problems with interviews with children about sexuality
A
raises ethical issues
2
Q
when does sexual development start?
A
when fetus is growing in womb
3
Q
erections in infancy
A
in male fetuses, and male infants may experience reflexive erections beginning shortly after birth
4
Q
masturbation in infancy
A
normal (self stimulation early as 2 months), often age 2-3 when learn that able to reduce tension and derive physical pleasure from manual self-stimulation
5
Q
infant-infant encounters
A
gazing
patting
kissing
6
Q
2 common genital sensual experiences
A
bathing
cuddling
7
Q
what is attachment?
A
psychological bond that forms between an infant and the mother, father, or other caregiver
8
Q
early childhood masturbation
A
- Pleasurable and normal behaviors
- Children learn that masturbation is private behaviors during this period
9
Q
same sex behaviour in early childhood
A
Sexual play with one’s own gender during late childhood and preadolescence may be common
10
Q
early childhood common sex play
A
boys and girls may hold hands or “play doctor”
11
Q
crushes in early childhood
A
- usually emerge later in childhood
- when learning social sexual scripts
12
Q
what does preadolescence occur?
A
Around 10, first puberty changes occur
13
Q
other sex behaviour in preadolescence
A
- May experience first sexual attraction
- Boys and girls who are attracted to the same gender may do some sexual questioning
14
Q
what age is preadolescence?
A
8-12 years
15
Q
freud and preadolescence
A
- Developmental stage that freud referred to as the “latency period”, suggesting that children’s interest in sex and sexuality decreases during this stage
16
Q
research of preadolescent stage
A
Other research suggests that children’s interest in sex typically increases during this stage, particularly age 10
17
Q
primary form sexual expression among preadolescents?
A
masturbation
- males more likely than females to masturbate frequently and experience orgasm
18
Q
same sex behaviour in preadolescents
A
- common due to preadolescent social organization
- Sex-segregated or homosocial – social grouping in which genders/sexes are separate from each other
19
Q
dating in preadolescents
A
- Pre and early adolescence is a period of transition in social relationships
- By age 10 0r 11 children begin to spend time in mixed gender groups
20
Q
sexualization in preadolescence
A
- especially girls, face problems with sexualization
making someone/something sexual
21
Q
sexualization occurs when…
A
when people are made to feel as through their value/worth is inextricably linked to their sexual appeal, when they equate their physical attractiveness to being sexy, when they are sexually objectified, and when sexuality is inappropriately imposed upon them
22
Q
evidence for sexualization found…
A
found in media (tv, movies, music, magazines, internet), and consumer products marketed to girls under 10
23
Q
self-objectification in preadolescence
A
been associated with anxiety about appearance, and feelings of shame (12-13 yr old females)
24
Q
adolescence is marked by
A
many physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that contribute to individuals sexual development
25
changes during puberty
- primary sex characteristics change, and secondary sex characteristics develop as result of hormonal changes
- Females most biological change is in menarche (first incidence of menstruation
- Puberty lasts 3-4 years (male longer)
26
primary sexual expression in adolescence is
masturbation for males and females
27
influence of mass media on adolescence
- 12% boys and 15% girls in grade 9: information about sex = magazines and TV
- research found that media portrayals reinforce stereotype views of sexual behaviors and sexual relationship s
28
sexualization of adolescence girls
- major concern
- a persons only value comes from his or her sexual appeal
- physical attractiveness is linked to being sexy
- a person is a sexual object
29
same sex behaviour in adolescence
about 10% adolescents same-sex sexual experiences
30
first sexual intercourse trends
- by 17 (grade 11) almost half the students report they have had
- in most countries, more teens are having sex
- In Canada, gap closing between males and females
- Some variation (moderate) amongst various ethnic groups
- Large variations from one country to another
31
double standard in first sexual intercourse
set of culturally maintained standards for sexual behaviors reflecting more permissive and less restricted sexual expression by men than by women
32
serial monogamy
while in a relationship the partners are monogamous, when relationship ends partners move on to another person
33
2 other types of adolescent romantic relationship
- hooking up
| - friends with benefits
34
double message out society sends that is a conflict in adolescent development
- permissive message (everyone having sex)
| - restrictive messages
35
adolescent condom us
- 54% of grade 9 students and 41% of grade 11 students reported using a condom the first time they have intercourse
- condom use more frequent in casual sex or at the beginning of relationship
- more likely to engage in unsafe sex when drinking
36
facebook and sex in adolescence
- approx. 90% of teens and young adults
| - self disclosure through online communication
37
sexting in adolescence
- sexual messages or images via cell phones
- 59% young adults, 39% of teens have sent or posted sexually suggestive messages via text, email or IM
- 33% young adults, 20% teens, posted nude/semi-nude pictures
38
teen pregnancy
- research indicates adolescents use contraception inconsistently
- rate of teen pregnancy in Canada is 2.7% of all teen girls
- Canadian rate is half of that of the US
Highest rates of teen pregnancy in Canada (Quebec, prairie provinces, territories)
39
Sexuality among LGBTTIQQ adolescents
- Dating for LBGTTIQQ teens can be confusing
- There is a lack of partners and social disapproval
- May date opposite sex partners in order to experiment with sexuality or mask sexual orientation
- Bullying of LGBTTIQQ teens is regrettably very pervasive across Canada
- Bullying can have a variety of detrimental effects, including anxiety, depression, and even suicide
40
The Canadian Guidelines for Sexual Health Education serve as
framework for developing, implementing and evaluating sex education programs, and related services and policies across Canada
41
The Canadian Guidelines for Sexual Health Education 2 main goals
- Promoting positive sexual health outcomes, such as rewarding sexual relationships and informed reproductive decisions
- Reducing negative sexual health outcomes, such as STI’s, unintended pregnancy, and coercive sex
42
5 key principles identified as contributing to effective sex education programs
(The Canadian Guidelines for Sexual Health Education )
1) accessibility: sex ed should be available to all Canadians, don’t discriminate against individuals based on socio-demographic characteristics
2) comprehensiveness: program content should cover all relevant areas, with age appropriate topics presented beginning at start of elementary school up to end of high school
3) effective approaches: sex ed should go beyond simply providing participants with information about sex, it should encourage personal insight and motivation to act on this information and should incorporate skill-building activities
4) training and support: people with knowledge about sexuality teach sex ed class
5) program planning, evaluation, and revision: sex ed programs should be developed to address needs of the targeted audience and the community at large
43
IMB Model purpose
- chosen as focus of Canadian sex ed policy
- outlines steps for effective program development and evaluation
- specifies that sexual health behaviours are initiated and maintained by 3 factors
44
3 factors of IMB model
1) information or knowledge about the behavior: translated into action to reduce sexual health risks and promote healthy sexuality
2) motivation to apply knowledge in order to maintain sexual health: results from combination effect of emotional, personal and social motivations
3) behavioral skills enabling someone to engage in sexual health behavior: includes objective skills (being able to negotiate condom use with partner) and feeling of being capable of performing a behavior (Self-efficacy)—whether you think you can do it and do it well!
45
In North America, there are 2 primary types of sexual education programs
1) Comprehensive programs that teach about both abstaining from sexual activities and learning strategies to avoid unwanted pregnancies and STIs
2) Abstinence only programs which solely promote refraining from sex before marriage
46
Two main criticisms of abstinence only curriculum:
- It withholds vital information necessary for good decision making
- It ignores sexual diversity, and particularly disadvantages sexually experience youth as well as LGBBTIQQ youth
47
Effectiveness of Sex education: How is Canada doing?
- Sex education needs to be regularly evaluated and updated
- Two studied from 2008 evaluated school-based sex evaluation programs
- Two large representative national studies measured youth attitudes and behaviors
48
Institutional Barriers (barriers to sex ed)
- Too often, public opinion rather than research guides government policy on sex education
- Canada is overall a reasonably accepting and progressive country – as of 2005, same sex marriage was nationally ratified
- However, sex education remains very heterosexist in orientation
- Wide protests in 2010 when curriculum was proposed to introduce topic of sexual diversity
49
Current state of sex education
- Highly variable
- Gradually improving
- Sex educators are more likely to see sex as benign than negative
- Majority of students still rate their sex ed as poor or on existent
50
Systemic barriers to sexual health-- people with disabilities
- lower access to sex education and sexual health care
- lack of privacy
- decreased opportunities for social interaction and intimate relationships
51
Marriage and never-Married
- 95% of Canadian adults marry
- average age females is 28.5 and for males 30.6
- the never married adults who have never been married
- many never married live in common-law relationships
52
Being single -- online dating
- single scene – speed dating
- hundreds of internet dating sites
- a survey of 769 canadian university students found that 18% of the men and 10% of the women had used an online dating site in the last year
53
Cohabitation
- living together
- common-law relationship
- has become an increasingly common alternative to marriage
- 2006 Canadian Census said that 16% of Canadians were in a common-law relationship
- 71% of cohabiting couples have sex 1+/week (compared to married couples at 60%)
54
average age of getting married
- in 2008, the average age of first marriage for women was 29.1, and 31.1 for men
- in 1972, the average age of first marriage for women was 22.5, and 24.9 for men
55
trend of average age of getting married changed because??
- trend may be related to more years spent acquiring greater education an paying off dept from student loans
- moreover, there is more financial independence for women today and less stigma about having children outside of marriage later in life
56
when was marriage equality achieved in canada
2005
- 2006 census says there are 7500 same-sex married couples
57
additional psychological pressure in heterosexual marriage (compared to pre-marriage)
- negotiating roles – who does what
- sexual problems may become more of a source of dissatisfaction once rose-colured glasses are off
- hard to find time for sex in this age of dual earners
58
marital sex masturbation
normal to continue even in a marriage
59
marital sex techniques
16% of married reported that sex lasts 15 minutes or less
o 9% of married reported sex lasted more than one hour
o increased popularity of oral sex over past half century
60
marital sex negotiating sex
sexual scripts – direct or indirect invitations, ritualized times for sex
61
marital satisfaction
peaks during first few years of marriage, declines in mid life, starts to rise again
- both men/women, the quality of friendship between spouses is most important factor for marital satisfaction
62
marriages are happy/work when...
expectations of rewards outweigh the costs in relations are met, and when there is perceived equality between rewards and costs for each partner
63
what is extradyadic sex
sex that occurs outside the context of the primary relationship
64
what is extramarital sex?
- sex that occurs outside the context of the marriage
| - 22-25% of men and 11-15% of women report having extramarital sex
65
profile of an individual most likely to engage in extramarital sex
- male
- educated
- less religious
- more sexual interest
- permissive sexual values
- opportunities outside the marriage
- less satisfaction with their primary relationship
66
what is polymary
more than one simultaneous intimate relationship with consent
67
what is swinging
married couples exchange partners with each other, or include third partner
68
what is the equity theory
people mentally calculate the benefits and costs for them in a relationship
69
how many people in canada divorce
more than 1/3 canadian marriages ed in divorce
70
contributing factors to divorce
- age (marry young more likely to divorce)
- religion (attend few services less likely to divorce)
- people who have been divorced before more likely to divorce in subsequent marriages
71
average age of divorce
43 men
40 women
72
3 myths about sex and aging
1) sex is for the young
2) older people are not able to enjoy sex
3) older people are physically unattractive and physically undesirable
73
Myth: Sex is for the young
- Majority remain sexually active until very old age
| - Sex is important for the same reasons – physical and emotional pleasure
74
myth: older people not able to enjoy sex
- Relatively few older people have conditions that preclude vaginal intercourse
- Those that do find creative ways to enjoy sexual pleasure
75
myth: older people are physically unattractive and therefore sexually undesirable
- If judged by unrealistic standards of perfection portrayed by the popular media, we’re probably all pretty unattractive
- Most older people have gained enough emotional maturity and wisdom to understand our society’s standards of appearance are very superficial
76
hormones in midlife
Both genders experience hormonal decline during midlife
77
period of change in midlife called
climacteric
78
male climacteric
- Gradual decline in amount of bio-available testosterone
- Decrease in the urgency of sexual desire
- More difficult to gain and maintain an erection
- Less rigid erection
- Increased refractory period
- Reduced force and volume of ejaculate
- More stimulation required may improve control over orgasm
79
female climacteric
- Gradual change in menstrual cycles followed by sharp reduction ins estrogen and progesterone
- Thinning of vaginal walls
- Reduced elasticity of the vagina
- Less engorgement of labia
- Reduced vaginal and uterine contraction during orgasm
- Slowing and reduced vaginal lubrication
- Menopause – end of menstrual periods
80
5 factors that increase sexual desire in midlife
- No fear of pregnancy
- Improved ejaculatory control
- More privacy
- more time
- more money
81
5 sociocultural factors of sexuality and aging
- Ageism
- Institutions that provide no opportunity for sex among elders
- Social perception of sex among elders as “cute”, troublesome or disagreeable
- Perception of elders as vulnerable
- Social isolation
82
what is ageism
discrimination of elders
83
3 pros to aging in gay/lesbian communities
- May have advantage in coping with stereotyping and stigma
- Less confines to rigid gender roles
- Higher degree of independence and self-sufficiency
84
8 factors that decrease sexual desire
- Lack of partner – more difficult for women
- Women live longer
- Older men remarry younger women
- Age is less valued in women
- Non-supportive partner
- Slow response may provoke anxiety – especially in men that may result in aggravating the problem
- Fatigue and excessive alcohol
- Negative body image – especially among women
