ch 9 Flashcards
Transcription factors are made in
cytoplasm
how do transcription factors enter the nucleus
nuclear pore complex, nuclear localization/export signals
karyopherins
Nuclear import/export receptors
hormone receptors
hormones can diffuse directly into cell to interact with receptors
when hormone receptors become activated it will
translate into nucleus and increase gene transcription
what controls transcription
cellular compartmentalization, nuclear architecture, DNA-protein interactions, protein protein interactions, chromatin structure
Pre initiation complex is made of
RNA poly II, 5 general transcription factors, mediators
5 general transcription factors for initiation
recognize and unwind
mediator
interacts with transcription factors that bind to enhancers, stimulate stimulates kinase activity of TFIIH, in conjunctions with enhancer
TFFIID
recognizes TATA box, begins recruitment
TFIIB
orients the complex, aligns RNA polymerase and recruits it
TFIIF
highly associates RNA polymerase II to the DNA
TFIIE
recruits TFIIH
TFIIH
acts as helices and a kinase
what activates C-terminal domain and activates the polymerase
phosphorylation of C-terminal domain
transcription initiation steps
promoter melting
abortive initiaiton
promoter escape
pausing
pause release
non core transcription factors
activate or repress transcription
activators
stimulate recruitment/binding of general transcription factors/ RNA pol II, enzymatic activity of general transcription machinery, chromatin remodeling
transcription factors parts
DNA binding domain motif, dimerization domain, transactivation domain
DNA binding domain motif
helical turn helix, zinc finger, basic leucine sipper, basic helix loop helix
transactivation domain is for
protein protein interaction
dimerization domain
yes idk
transcriptional coactivators/corepressors
protein protein interactions that are involved with chromatin modification
coactivatros complex examples
chromatin modification complexes
chromatin remodeling complexes
chromatin modification complexes examples
acetylation of lysines
methylation of lynsines/ arginine
ubiquitination of lysine
phosphorylation of serines and theroine
writes, erasers, readers
others
histone acetylation
binding site for activators or repressors, removes charge of lysine
histone methylation
adds a CH3 group, positive charge added to side group
histone unbiquitination
adds one ubiquintination to mod the shit
phosphorylation
gene activation
linker way to control chromatin
presence or absence of H1
Chromatin remodling complexes
sliding
remodling
displacement
replacement
ALL ATP DEPENDANT!!!!!!
RNA poly II can proofread
true, in same active site where polymerization occurs
elongation phase steps
bubble, unwind DNA, selection of nucleoside triphosphate, catalysis of phosphodiester bond formation, translocation of RNA and DNA, proofread
how RNA pol II proofreads
FACT removes an h2a/h2b dimer from the nucleosome
euk transcription occurs
nucleus
chromosome territories
where you find particular chromosomes
main polymerase for RNA synthesis
RNA polymerase II, binds to promoter
transcription factors
proteins for transcription, bind to promoter and reg elements, interpret info in reg elements, transmit appropriate response to RNA pol II
Regulatory DNA sequences act as - regulatory elements
cis (reacts to the one right next to it)
factors/protiens that bind to DNA act as - regulatory elements
trans (can effect multiple), effects cis elements
core promoter elements
close to transcription start site
recognition site for RNA poly II, and transcription factors
more elements=stronger
proximal promoter elements
close to core promoter
strengthens, not necessary tho
long range regulatory elements
may be on diff chromosome
includes: enhancers, silencers, insulators, locus control regions
enhancers
bind to transcription factors to activate
silencers
bind to elements that repress transcription
transvection
errmmm smth with hubs and shit
insulators
Sequences of DNA that are chromatin boundary markers, insulate neighborhoods
chromatin boudnary marker
demark regions of heterochromatin and euchromatin
insulated neighborhoods
block silencers/ enhancer in inappropriate neighboring genes
locus control region
have particular orientation, up regulate gene expression, control gene clusters
general/basal machinery
for promoter recognition and catalysis of RNA synthesis
specific transcription factors
bind to proximal promoters and long range regulatory elements
mediate gene transcription activation/ repression
transcriptional coactivators and corepressors
no binds directly, not required for basal transcription
main poly for RNA synthesis
II
