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Molecular Genetics > ch 10 > Flashcards

ch 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Lyon hypothesis/ dosage compensation

A

ermmmm extra XS and shit

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2
Q

Barr body

A

randomly turns off an X chromosome

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3
Q

x chromo inactivation controlled by

A

-upregulation expression of XIST and Jpx (2 lincRNA)
-down regualating Six
-histone mods

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4
Q

how x chromo deactivation works

A

XIST coast histone/ proteins to make it tight
poly II is excluded

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5
Q

is there mono allelic expression of all x linked gene

A

no
psudoautosomal regions expressed and maybe outside of this one too (25%)

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6
Q

transposable elements

A

move about the genome
a lot in bacteria plants and animals
selfish DNA

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7
Q

prevents transposition

A

methylated cytosine

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8
Q

barbara mcclintock

A

mobile genetic elements in corn

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9
Q

retrotransposons and types

A

RNA intermediate
LTR (long terminal repeat) and Non LTR

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10
Q

DNA transposons

A

DNA intermediate

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11
Q

DNA transposons moves by

A

cut and paste, need diverted terminal repeats, transposase

leaves a little DNA behind

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12
Q

retrotransposon I moves by

A

copy and paste,
LTR at both ends
non LTR- has poly A sequence at 3’ end

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13
Q

non LTR retrotransposons include

A

LINEs
SINEs(short)- nonautonomous, 21% of human genome, active ALU

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14
Q

LINEs

A

long, autonomous, 21% of human genome, L1 element, seconds RNA binding protein, encodes endonuclease and reverse transcriptase

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15
Q

SINEs

A

(short)- nonautonomous, 21% of human genome, active ALU, does no make enzymes

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16
Q

silencing transposons

A

methylation, heterochromatin formation mediated by RNAi and RNA directed DNA methylation, PIWI interacting RNA

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17
Q

epigenetic

A

heritable chasing in gene expression that occur with out a change in the primary DNA sequence of an organism

18
Q

epigenome

A

chemical modification of genome. DNA mod and post translation mods of histones

19
Q

epigenetic change causes

A

aging, development, behavior, environment, infection, cancer

20
Q

intergeneration epigenetic inheritance caused by

A

mom nutrition, behavior during/before pregnancy, fathers nutrition/ behavior

21
Q

epigenetic markers

A

modifications of chromatin structure (DNA methylation), histone modifications

22
Q

major DNA mod in plants and animals

A

methylation of cytosine

23
Q

major type of DNA modification in bacteria

A

methylation of adenine

24
Q

methylation

A

blocks proteins that attach to DNA, silences

25
Q

CpG in mammals

A

70-80%

26
Q

most common methylation location

A

in transposable elements or repetitive sequences

27
Q

most common methylation location exceptions

A

CpG islands

28
Q

CpG islands

A

in promoters of housekeeper genes, near 5’ end of gene, to protect from methylation

29
Q

deamination

A

mutations of 5-methylcytosine

30
Q

gene dosage

A

number of cops of a gene in genome

31
Q

monoallelic expression

A

gene transcribed preferentially form a single allele in each cell

32
Q

random monallelic expression examples

A

immune system and olfactory nurons

33
Q

genomic imprinting

A

selection of active allele based on parent origin

34
Q

how many imprinted genes are in mammals

A

200

35
Q

imprinted gene defects are associated with

A

defects

36
Q

imprinting control region

A

methylation/ not methylated single or a group of imprinted genes

37
Q

epigenetic methods

A
  • DNA Methylation
  • Histone Modifications
  • Non-coding RNAs
38
Q

epigenetic purpose

A
  • Gene Expression Control
  • Monoallelic expression
  • Gene Imprinting
  • X-inactivation – Dosage compensation
  • Stop transposable element movement
39
Q

Barbara McClintock’s contributio

A

corn lady, discovered the shit

40
Q

Silencing Transposons

A

methylation, Histone modifications, RNA interference (RNAi)
– Heterochromatic small interfering RNA (siRNA)‐
– PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA)

41
Q
A

Molecular Genetics (13 decks)

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