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RAD 322 - Radiographic Contrast and Sectional Anatomy > Ch 9-11 > Flashcards

Ch 9-11 Flashcards

1
Q

A specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health whose ultimate goal is to endorse quality promotion of health care which is safe for patients, health care workers, others in the health care setting and the environment, and to accomplish these goals in a cost-effective manner

A

World Health Organization (WHO)

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2
Q

4 factors involved in the spread of disease

A

Microorganisms
Reservoir of infection
Host
Means of transportation (how transmitted to person)

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3
Q

An infectious organism that is too small to be seen by human vision

A

Microorganisms

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4
Q

Place where microorganisms can live; any suitable place where pathogens can survive in sufficient numbers to pose a threat
Some pathogens can live in a healthy individual and cause no problems
Many of us “carry” pathogens and aren’t a threat until we contact a susceptible person
It is not know how many cases of HIV there are because only a few of the infected people progress in AIDS; the rest remain unaffected and are carriers

A

Reservoir of infection

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5
Q

4 microorganisms

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Protozoa
Fungi

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6
Q

Single celled, prokaryotic
Reproduce by cellular division approximately every 20 minutes
Resistant to chemical and physical agents
Can remain viable for years

A

Bacteria

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7
Q

Lack a true nucleus

A

Prokaryotic

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8
Q

Much smaller and simpler in form than bacteria
Intracellular Parasite
Carry their own genetic information, this is why there are so many different strains
Attaches to the host cell and inserts its own genetic information into the cell; the cell then replicates it
Requires a warm and moist environment
Depends on the patient’s own immune system to fight viral infections predominantly; doctor will usually let it run its course

A

Virus

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9
Q

Much like bacteria but larger
Single Celled
All classes are thought to contain some species that cause disease in humans; these diseases can be transmitted through contact with contaminated feces, either directly or by mechanical transmission (like from flies) or they can also be transmitted through insect bites, such as malaria from mosquitos

A

Protozoa

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10
Q

Live on dead or decaying matter

Need an abundant amount of moisture an oxygen and grow best at room temperature

A

Fungi

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11
Q

3 examples of fungi

A

Molds
Yeasts
Mushrooms

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12
Q

Microorganisms are present throughout the life cycle Those capable of causing disease are this

A

Pathogens

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13
Q

5 systems of the body where pathogens can be

A 
Respiratory Tract
Gastrointestinal Tract
Genitourinary Tract
Skin
Blood
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14
Q

2 pathogens of the respiratory tract (Disease/Classification/Mode of Transmission)

A

Flu-Virus-Airborne

Strep Throat-Bacterium-Airborne (VERY CONTAGIOUS)

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15
Q

What is an example of a pathogen of the gastrointestinal tract (Disease/Classification/Mode of Transmission)?

A

Salmonella-Bacterium-Food/Water

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16
Q

2 examples of pathogens of the genitourinary tract (Disease/Classification/Mode of Transmission)

A

Genital Herpes-Virus-Sexual Contact

Gonorrhea-Bacterium-Sexual Contact

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17
Q

2 examples of pathogens of the skin (Disease/Classification/Mode of Transmission)

A

Athletes Foot-Fungus-Contact

Fever Blisters-Virus-Contact

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18
Q

2 examples of pathogens of the blood (Disease/Classification/Mode of Transmission)

A

AIDS-Virus-Mixing of human fluids

Lyme Disease-Bacterium-Ticks

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19
Q

Normally, the susceptible person is a patient with a weakened immune system; these patients may develop secondary infections, while hospitalized for their original ailment

A

Susceptible host

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20
Q

When the infection is acquired due to hospitalization
Also pose a threat to health care workers
Ex: in the U.S. 8,000 to 12,000 health care workers are infected with Hepatitis B virus (accidental needle sticks)

A

Nosocomial infection

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21
Q

Standards for dealing with infected people

A

Universal precautions

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22
Q

What is the most direct way to break the infectious cycle?

A

Prevent the transmission of the organism

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23
Q

4 main routes of transmission

A

Direct Contact
Fomites (indirect contact)
Vectors (indirect contact)
Air borne contamination (indirect contact)

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24
Q

The susceptible person is touched by an infected person
Skin infections are common in health care workers due to contact with patients infected with Staph bacteria; so if you have a cut on your finger and you touch the bacteria, could contaminate you
Be sure to clean off equipment and table

A

Direct contact

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25
Q

An object that has been in contact with a pathogenic organism, indirect contact
Objects have been in DIRECT contact with the pathogen
Any object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms, such as germs or parasites, and hence transferring them from one individual to another; skin cells, hair, clothing, and bedding are common hospital sources of contamination

A

Fomite

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26
Q

6 fomites in radiology

A 
X-ray Table
Chest Board
Positioning Sponges
IV Pole
Wheelchairs
Soiled hospital linens, uniforms, and “scrubs”
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27
Q

An animal or insect in which an organism develops or multiplies, indirect contact

A

Vectors

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28
Q

3 examples of vectors

A

Mosquitos-Malaria
Ticks-Lyme Disease
Dogs or cats-Rabies

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29
Q

The pathogen is spread by droplets or dust

It occurs when people speak, sneeze, or cough in the vicinity of a susceptible person; indirect contact

A

Air borne contamination

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30
Q

Procedures used to reduce the number of microorganisms and prevent their spread
It reduces the probability that infectious organisms will be transmitted to a susceptible individual

A

Medical asepsis

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31
Q

3 examples of medical asepsis

A

Hand washing
Wiping tables and cassettes
Changing sheets and pillow cases

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32
Q

Simple cleanliness measures such as proper cleaning, dusting, linen handling, and hand washing

A

Microbial dilution

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33
Q

Involves the destruction of pathogens by using chemical materials, like wiping tables with bleach or lysol

A

Disinfection

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34
Q

Procedures used to eliminate any microorganisms; involves treating items with heat, gas, or chemical

A

Surgical asepsis/”sterile technique”

35
Q

A pressure chamber used to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to high pressure saturated steam at 121 °C (249°F) for around 15-20 minutes depending on the size of the load and the contents
Usually central supply department takes care of this

A

Autoclave

36
Q

3 times gloves should be worn

A

When touching blood or bodily fluids
Handling soiled items
Should be changed after each patient

37
Q

3 most commonly transmitted pathogens during patient care

A

HBV (Hepatitis B)
HCV (Hepatitis C)
HIV

38
Q

Container for blood and bodily fluids

A

Biohazard

39
Q

Container for needles

A

Sharps

40
Q

2 groups that regulate policies and procedures for disposing of all items

A

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

41
Q

Feeling of uneasiness

A

Anxiety

42
Q

Sudden, unexpected, intense attack of apprehension, often with physical signs and symptoms; feeling of impending doom
Can have a vasovagal reaction with diaphoresis, vertigo, and nausea

A

Panic disorder

43
Q

Psychological condition, irrational fear leading to avoidance

A

Phobia

44
Q

The fear of tight and enclosed spaces

A

Claustrophobia

45
Q

Drug induced relaxation; you remain conscious

A

Conscious sedation

46
Q

Conscious sedation differs from anesthesia only by what?

A

Dose

47
Q

3 agents used for conscious sedation

A

Antianxiety
Analgesic
Synergistic (combination of both)

48
Q

Alleviate anxiety

A

Antianxiety

49
Q

Combining narcotic medications like Morphine for conscious sedation, relieves painful anxiety caused by the procedure

A

Analgesic

50
Q

Combination of both antianxiety and analgesic

Can be dangerous because of effects they can have on respiration

A

Synergistic

51
Q

Drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and can therefore produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to total anesthesia

A

Barbiturates

52
Q

3 barbiturates

A

Thiopental
Methohexital
Phenobarbital

53
Q

3 things barbiturates treat

A

Insomnia
Anxiety
Seizure disorders

54
Q

Barbiturate that slows the activity of your brain and nervous system; used to help you relax before you receive general anesthesia with an inhaled medication
IV be can also be used rectally for pediatric conscious sedation before MRI studies
Causing drowsiness or sleep before surgery or certain medical procedures, also used to stop seizures, or may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor
It works by depressing the central nervous system, causing mild sedation or sleep, depending on the dose
Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); fast or irregular heartbeat; fever; hallucinations; severe dizziness; very slow breathing

A

Thiopental

Brand name: Pentothal

55
Q

Extremely rapid in onset and very short duration
It works by depressing the activity of the brain to inhibit painful sensations and inducing sleep
Given as an injection into a muscle, or into a vein through an IV; this medication is also given rectally when used in young children.
Used in brief procedures, rectally
Not a good choice for procedures requiring more than 5 minutes of sedation
Good choice for CT exam because it is quick

A

Methohexital

Brand name: Brevital

56
Q

Orally or IV
Given to an adult patient the night before and the morning of the scheduled exam to keep the patient calm
Used to treat or prevent seizures, also used short-term as a sedative to help you relax

A

Phenobarbital

Brand names: Luminal and Solfoton

57
Q

Cause muscle relaxation, insomnia, antianxiety, anticonvulsants, and sedative-hypnotic activities
Patients may experience a “hangover” type of effect
They are highly addictive, and their use is normally limited to a short-term, as-needed basis and are carefully restricted
Should not be combined with alcohol or other substances that inhibit the central nervous system

A

Benzodiazepines/tranquilizers

58
Q

3 examples of benzodiazepines/tranquilizers

A

Valium
Ativan
Xanax

59
Q

Most widely used benzodiazepine
Shown to decrease anxiety and improve the outcome of the MRI study by decreasing motion artifact
It works in the central nervous system to cause sleepiness, muscle relaxation, and short-term memory loss, and to reduce anxiety
Normally IV, but given to pediatric patients rectally or intra-nasally about 15 minutes prior to exam
Quick in onset and short duration of action

A

Midazolam

60
Q

Stimulate the CNS receptors to decrease pain perception

Like all narcotics, they may become habit-forming if used over long periods

A

Opiate analgesics

61
Q

2 examples of opiate analgesics

A

Morphine

Codeine

62
Q

6 adverse reactions of opiate analgesics

A 
Nausea
Vomiting
Dizziness
Headaches
Lightheadedness
Constipation
63
Q

The heart ceases to pump blood adequately to the rest of the body

A

Cardiac arrest

64
Q

Death occurring rapidly and generally unexpectedly; usually from a cardiac dysrhythmia or myocardial infarction, but also from any cause of rapid death, pulmonary embolus, stroke, ruptured aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection

A

Sudden death

65
Q

Irregular heartbeat

A

Arrhythmia

66
Q

Irregular heartbeat that is usually rapid and commonly caused by poor blood flow, that can lead to blood clots, stroke, heart failure

A

Atrial fibrillation (Afib)

67
Q

Condition in which the patient becomes unable to breathe, thus the body is inadequately oxygenated
If not treated promptly, this will progress to cardiorespiratory arrest

A

Respiratory arrest

68
Q

Full cardiac arrest

A

Cardiorespiratory arrest

69
Q

The highest survival rate after cardiac arrest occurs in patients who receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) within how many minutes?

A

4

70
Q

The highest survival rate after cardiac arrest occurs in patients who receive CPR within 4 minutes and who are additionally provided medications through Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) within how many minutes?

A

8

71
Q

The level of medical care which is used for victims of life-threatening illnesses or injuries until they can be given full medical care at a hospital

A

Basic life support (BLS)

72
Q

3 examples of BLS

A

Automated external defibrillator (AED) device usage
Heimlich manuever
CPR

73
Q

A declaration of or a state of medical emergency and call for medical personnel and equipment to attempt to resuscitate a patient especially when in cardiac arrest or respiratory distress or failure

A

CODE BLUE

74
Q

Most valuable and potentially lifesaving therapeutic agents used, especially when anaphylaxis reaction to contrast

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

75
Q

What is produced by the adrenal glands naturally?

A

Adrenaline

76
Q

Where are your adrenal glands located?

A

On top of the kidneys

77
Q

2 primary functions of vasopressin

A

Retain water in the body

Increase blood flow

78
Q

Vasopressin is usually excreted by what gland?

A

Pituitary

79
Q

Antidiuretic hormone shown to increase blood flow to vital organs and improve oxygen delivery to the cerebral area
Helps prevent loss of water from the body by reducing urine output and helping the kidneys reabsorb water into the body and also raises blood pressure by narrowing blood vessels, due to better blood flow.
Used to treat diabetes, which is caused by a lack of a naturally occurring pituitary hormone in the body
Now a standard therapy as an alternative to epinephrine

A

Vasopressin

Brand name: Petresin

80
Q

Treats circulation problems caused by heart attack, heart failure, kidney failure, low blood pressure, or surgery
It works by improving the pumping strength of the heart and improves blood flow to the kidneys
Used to treat certain conditions, such as low pressure, that occur when you are in shock, which may be caused by heart attack, trauma, surgery, heart failure, kidney failure, and other serious medical conditions
Also used to increase urine output in patients with renal failure
Should only be delivered by intravenous injection

A

Dopamine

81
Q

Can treat heart rhythm problems, stomach or bowel problems, certain types of poisoning when injected, decrease saliva before surgery and dilate the pupils before an eye exam, and treat spasms in the stomach, intestines, and other organs
Helps keep your heart rate stable after a heart attack or during surgery
Lowers the amount of body fluids inside your mouth and throat before a surgery which keeps you from possibly choking on your saliva while you are unconscious

A

Atropine

82
Q

One of the most frequently used antidysrhythmic drugs for patients experiencing cardiac arrest
Decreases myocardial excitability-abnormal rhythms
Administered to convert a premature ventricular contraction to normal sinus rhythm

A

Lidocaine

83
Q

Should be used only by clinicians skilled in intubation technique
Used to relax all skeletal muscles so that the patient can be rapidly intubated

A

Neuromuscular blockers
Paralyzing agents
Brand name: Nimbex

RAD 322 - Radiographic Contrast and Sectional Anatomy (8 decks)

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