Basic CT and Sectional Anatomy Overview Flashcards
Build, physique, and general shape of the human body.
Body habitus
5% of body habitus Short, wide trunk Great weight with heavy skeletal framework Diaphragm is high, short lung field Stomach and gallbladder are high Transverse colon is high Obese
Hypersthenic
50% (dominant habitus) Moderately heavy Lung and Diaphragm are moderately high Stomach is high Transverse colon is at a slight dip
Sthenic
35% of body habitus
Slender, falls between sthenic and asthenic
Moderate weight and skeletal framework
Lower alimentary tract
Hyposthenic
10% of body habitus
Build is frail
Organs are low lying, low the stomach and heart
Gallbladder is almost midline
Asthenic
2 types of bone
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Dense and homogeneous type of bone that forms the walls of bone
Compact bone
Type of bone composed of slender intertwined pieces of bone enclosing a space filled with non-bone tissue, found in the interior of normal bone
Spongy bone
4 planes of the body
Sagittal
Coronal
Axial, transverse, horizontal, or cross sectional plane
Oblique
Plane that runs down through the body, dividing the body into left and right portions
Sagittal
Plane that passes through the body and divides it into equal right and left halves
Midsagittal
Plane that runs perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back) portions
Coronal
Plane that passes through the body and divides it into equal anterior and posterior halves
Midcoronal
Horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions
Axial, transverse, horizontal, or cross sectional plane
Plane that divides the body at an angle between the horizontal and vertical planes
Oblique
4 types of tissue
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Tissue that covers internal and external surfaces of the body, including lining of the vessels and organs, such as the stomach and intestines
Epithelial
Tissues that bind together and support the various structures
Adipose tissue, cartilage, bone
Connective
Tissues that make up the substance of a muscle
Muscular
Tissues that make up the substance of nerves and nerve centers
Nervous
13 systems of the human body
Skeletal Cardiovascular Digestive Respiratory Urinary Reproductive Nervous Muscular Endocrine Integumentary Lymphatic Immune Articular
The bones of the body and their associated cartilages
Internal support of the body, protection of the body, and storage of minerals
Skeletal system
The blood, heart, and blood vessels
Distribution of oxygen and nutrients to the cells, carrying carbon dioxide and wastes from the cells, protection against disease, and regulation of body temperature
Cardiovascular system
A tubular passageway and associated organs like the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Elimination of solid wastes and physical and chemical breakdown of food for cell usage
Digestive system
The lungs and a series of passageways in and out of the lungs
Supplies oxygen, elimination of carbon dioxide, and regulation of body acid-base balance
Respiratory system
The organs of urine production, collection, and elimination
Regulation of blood chemical composition, elimination of wastes, and regulation of fluid/electrolyte balance and volume
Organs that collect urine, like kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
Urinary system
The organs (testes and ovaries) for production of reproductive cells (sperm and ova) and organs for transportation and storage of those cells Passage of genetic material from generation to generation
Reproductive system
The brain, the spinal cord, the nerves, and the sense organs (like eyes, ears)
Regulation of body activities through the generation and conductive transmission of nerve impulses
Nervous system
The muscle tissue of the body including skeletal, cardiac, and smooth contractile muscle
Movement and maintenance of body posture
Muscular system
3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Visceral or smooth
Cardiac
The glands and tissues of hormone production
Regulation of body activities through transportation of hormones by the blood vascular system
Ductless glands, like the testes, ovaries, pancreas, adrenals, thymus (important for the production of white blood cells), thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, and pituitary
Endocrine system
The skin, hair, nails, and sweat/oil glands
Regulation of body temperature, elimination of wastes, and external support of the body
Integumentary system
Lymph nodes, vessels, and ducts and glands
Return of protein and fluid to the blood vascular system, protection of white blood cells, and picks up fluids leaked from the capillaries and supports immune system
Lymphatic system
Lymphatic organs/tissue concerned with protection of the body from invasion of disease causing agents
Resistance to disease causing agents
Immune system
Joints and their associated ligaments
Flexible fibrous connective tissue at points of contact between bones or cartilage and bones
Articular system
How many primary bones compose the adult human skeleton?
206
Supports and protects the head and trunk with 80 bones
Axial skeleton
Allows the body to move in various positions with 126 bones
Appendicular skeleton
2 parts of the skull and the number of bones in them
Cranium - 8
Facial Bones - 14
5 parts of the axial skeleton
Skull Hyoid Auditory Vertebral column Thorax
5 parts of the vertebral column and the number of bones in them
Cervical - 7 Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacrum - 1 (fused 5) Coccyx - 1 (fused 4)
4 parts of the appendicular skeleton
Shoulder girdle
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Pelvic girdle
2 parts of the shoulder girdle
Clavicles (2)
Scapula (2)
6 auditory bones
Stapes (2)
Incus (2)
Malleus (2)
6 parts of the upper limbs and how many bones are in them
Humerus - 2 Ulna - 2 Radius - 2 Carpals - 16 Metacarpals - 10 Phalanges - 28
Two hip bones
Pelvic girdle
7 parts of the lower limbs and how many bones are in them
Femur - 2 Tibias - 2 Fibula - 2 Patella - 2 Tarsals - 14 Metatarsals - 10 Phalanges - 28
8 carpal bones
Trapezoid/Lesser Multangular Trapezium/Greater Multangular Scaphoid/Navicular Capitate/Os Magnum Lunate/Semilunar Triquetral/Triangular/Triquetrum Pisiform/Lentiform Hamate/Unciform
7 tarsal bones
Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Cuboid Talus Calcaneus aka heel bone (Os Calcis) Navicular/scaphoid
A broad and thin plane of fibrous tissue that separates many of the bones of the body
Interosseous membrane
Ridge on the femur that gives attachment to the pectineus muscle
Pectineal line
Ridge on the femur that gives attachment to the gluteus maximus
Gluteal tuberosity
A ridge on the femur that is important for the adductor muscles
Linea aspera
3 functional types of joints
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
Immovable joints
Ex: cranial sutures
Synarthrosis
Joints with limited movement
Ex: roots of teeth
Amphiarthrosis
Freely moveable joint
Ex: knee joint
Diarthrosis
4 classifications of bones
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Bones that are longer than they are wide
All bones of the limbs except for the wrist and ankle bones
Long bones
Cube-shaped bones that are found in the wrist and ankle of the limbs
Short bones
Thin, flat and often curved bones that include some bones of the skull, the ribs and the sternum
Flat bones
Bones that do not fit conveniently into any category according to their shape
Irregular
Bones that develop in some tendons in locations where there is considerable friction, tension, and physical stress
These bones include: on the 1st metatarsal, on the 1st metacarpal, the pisiform bone on the carpals, and patella
Sesamoid bones
6 types of joint movement
Gliding Hinge Pivot Ellipsoid/condyloid Saddle Ball and socket
Sliding motion back and forth or side to side
Because they are bound by ligaments, they may not allow movement in all directions
Ex: intercarpal joints of the wrist or intertarsals joints of the foot
Gliding
Permit flexion and extension
A convex portion of one bone fits into a concave portion of another
Example: elbow, knee
Hinge
Allows rotational movement around a single axis of the 1st bone around the 2nd
A rounded portion of one bone fits into a groove in another bone
Example: head of the radius which rotates within a groove of the ulna; atlas and axis (atlas rotates around the dens of the axis and allows the head to rotate to either side)
Pivot
Permit flexion and extension AND abduction and adduction AND circumduction
Ex: radiocarpal joint of the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints of the hand
Ellipsoid/condyloid
Like the ellipsoid joint except the two saddle-like structures fit into each other and allows greater freedom of movement
Ex: first carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, this is the only one
Saddle
Allows the greatest freedom of motion, adds lateral and medial rotation to the ellipsoid
The spherical head of one bone fits into a concave “socket” of another bone
Ex: hip joint or shoulder joint; the only two
Ball and socket
Lying on back
Supine
Lying on stomach
Prone
Standing
Erect
Lying down in any position, (prone, supine, lateral…)
Recumbent
Head is lower than the feet
Trendelenburg
Lying on left anterior side with the left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed, used in a modified version for BE
Sims
Head is higher than the feet
Fowlers
Supine position, with knees and hips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports
Used in HSG
Lithotomy
Outward stress movement
Eversion
Inward stress movement
Inversion
Movement forward; gliding motion anteriorly
Ex: scapulae, mandible
Protraction
Movement backward; moves structure back to anatomic position or even further posteriorly
Ex: scapulae, mandible
Retraction
Lifting, raising, or movement of a part superiorly
Elevation
Letting down, lowering, or moving a part inferiorly
Depression
Circular movement of a limb
Circumduction
Flexion or bending the foot toward the leg
Dorsiflexion
Flexion or bending the foot downward toward the sole
Plantar flexion
Turning away from the regular standard or course
Deviation
Where the contents of the esophagus empty into the stomach
Cardia
