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RAD 322 - Radiographic Contrast and Sectional Anatomy > Ch 5-7 > Flashcards

Ch 5-7 Flashcards

1
Q

5 cardiac medications

A 
Antiarrhythmic
Antihypertensive
Heart failure medications
Diuretics
Lipid lowering medications
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2
Q

Medications that affect the electrical conduction (movement of electrically charged particle) of the myocardium; goal is to suppress excess electrical conduction within the cardiac system and thus decrease arrhythmia production

A

Antiarrhythmic

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3
Q

Irregular heartbeat

A

Arrhythmia

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4
Q

2 examples of antiarrhythmic

A

Lidocaine

Digoxin

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5
Q

Medications that lower blood pressure
Patients with severe hypertension will require more than one of these
Decreases the amount of work for the heart (heart working too hard)

A

Antihypertensive

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6
Q

High blood pressure (BP); heart working too hard/pumping too much

A

Hypertension

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7
Q

2 examples of antihypertensives

A

Clonadine

Hydralazine

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8
Q

Medications that usually increase the contractile force of the heart because it is not pumping very strong and has too low of a BP
Increase blood pressure
People with history of heart attack will take these

A

Heart failure medications

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9
Q

3 examples of heart failure medications

A

Digoxin
Dopamine
Epinephrine

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10
Q

Fast heartbeat

A

Tachycardia

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11
Q

Slow heartbeat

A

Brachycardia

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12
Q

What is a regular blood pressure?

A

120/80

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13
Q

Medications that decrease intravascular pressure
“Water pills”
Designed to eliminate excess fluid and sodium from the bloodstream, thus decreasing the overall pressure within the vessels
This can cause dehydration and can increase the possibility of reactions
Rad techs need to keep an eye out for this with patients receiving contrast, because since they are dehydrated potentially the contrast will not be eliminated as fast

A

Diuretics

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14
Q

2 examples of diuretics

A

Metalozone

Hydrochlorothiazide

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15
Q

Medication that lowers serum cholesterol
These patients usually have high cholesterol with probably a lot of plaque, if that plaque dislodges from the vessel, it can cause an embolism or blood clot
Poor blood flow makes absorption harder

A

Lipid lowering medications

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16
Q

2 examples of lipid lowering medications

A

Niacin

Lovastatin

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17
Q

3 blood altering medications

A

Anticoagulants
Antiplatelet
Thrombolytic

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18
Q

Medication used in patients who have either a history of blood clot formation or the potential to develop blood clots
This drug is used to stop clot formation
“Blood Thinners”
A patient with a blood clot leg’s are usually warm to the touch, swollen, and red; ultrasound done usually to rule out DVT

A

Anticoagulants

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19
Q

3 examples of anticoagulants

A

Heparin
Warfarin
Coumadin

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20
Q

Medications used to treat heart disease
Stop platelet formation
More effective on arterial circulation
Used in patients who have experienced an acute ischemic (decrease in the blood supply) event to either their heart or their brain in the past
An example would be a TIA (aka mini stroke-Transient Ischemic Attack)

A

Antiplatelet

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21
Q

What is an example of an antiplatelet?

A

Baby aspirin

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22
Q

Clot Busters; medications used to actively break up a newly formed clot, such as found in patients with an acute stroke
These patients are at high risk for bleeding internally/externally, so starting an IV should not be done without physician supervision, because it thins the blood out

A

Thrombolytic

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23
Q

What is an example of a thrombolytic?

A

Urokinase

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24
Q

3 analgesics

A

Narcotics
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)
Muscle relaxant

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25
Q

Relieve pain; treat headaches, muscle aches, etc.

A

Analgesic

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26
Q

What is an example of an analgesic?

A

Tylenol (OTC)

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27
Q 
Medications that stimulate central nervous system receptors 
Narcotics are generally highly controlled by the local and federal enforcement agencies to prevent misuse into the community; unfortunately a lot of people sell these drugs that they were prescribed
Respiratory arrest (stop breathing) can occur if the dose is too great
A

Narcotics

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28
Q

2 examples of narcotics

A

Fentanyl

Hydrocodone/Vicodin

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29
Q

Medications used to treat pain associated with inflammation such as arthritis, muscle tears, broken bones, to name a few
Long term use can lead to stomach ulcers and GI bleeding

A

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)

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30
Q

2 examples of NSAIDS

A

Ibuprofen-or Advil

Naproxen-enteric coated

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31
Q

Medications that treat muscle spasms
Usually people with whiplash or spinal cord injuries
Can make you sleepy
These types can be good for a patient that have uncontrollable movement through an exam

A

Muscle relaxants

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32
Q

3 types of muscle relaxants

A

Diazepam
Lorazepam
Flexeril

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33
Q

Probably the most common analgesic in use today
It is contained in almost all pain medication combinations
Low potency pain reliever
Long term use of high doses can cause renal and cardiac damage

A

Generic name: acetaminophen
Chemical name: N- (4-hydroxphenyl)
Brand name: Tylenol

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34
Q

Medications that prohibit histamine release in an allergic reaction to relieve adverse effects such as sneezing, itching, inflammation, and respiratory distress
Also used for common allergies

A

Antihistamines

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35
Q

3 examples of antihistamines

A

Benadryl
Claritin
Zyrtec

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36
Q

2 endocrine medications

A

Antidiabetic

Thyroid

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37
Q

Medications that aid in maintaining the balance between blood sugar and tissue sugar
Some patients are termed insulin dependent because they have little or no circulating endogenous (within the body) insulin
When injecting contrast, you should have the patient suspend their diabetic medication for 48 hours after injection, this can hurt their kidney function if not suspended

A

Antidiabetic

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38
Q

3 examples on antidiabetics

A

Glipizide
Metformin
Glucophage

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39
Q

Medication used to treat hypothyroidism that is either primary because of a lack of endogenous thyroid production or secondary to removal of the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid medication

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40
Q

Underactive thyroid, doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone

A

Hypothyroidism

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41
Q

What is an example of a thyroid medication?

A

Thyroxine

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42
Q

Medication to treat hyperthyroidism

A

Anti-thyroid medication

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43
Q

What is an example of an anti-thyroid medication?

A

Methimazole

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44
Q

Medications used to prevent and to treat seizure disorders
Convulsions result from decrease in O2 and blood flow to the brain
Goal is to stop the seizure activity and to prolong the interval between each seizure event

A

Anti-seizure medications

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45
Q

3 examples of anti-seizure medications

A

Diazepam
Lorazepam
Clonazepam

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46
Q

4 types of central nervous system medications

A

Anti-seizure medications
Antipsychotic
Antidepressants
Antianxiety

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47
Q

Medications used to treat psychotic episodes and disorders such as schizophrenia, hallucinations, or antisocial behaviors to name a few
For these types of patients, try not to be alone

A

Antipsychotic

48
Q

2 examples of antipsychotics

A

Clozapine

Loxapine

49
Q

Medications used to treat clinical depression that results from neurotransmitter deficiencies
This is something to take very seriously if your patients talk to you about it

A

Antidepressants

50
Q

2 examples of antidepressants

A

Nortriptyline

Amitriptyline

51
Q

Medications used for treating acute and chronic anxiety states
In the radiology field, you will see this with patients that require a sedative for example for claustrophobia, especially in MRI

A

Antianxiety

52
Q

2 examples of antianxiety medications

A

Diazepam

Clonazepam

53
Q

What should you do if a patient has a seizure?

A

Make sure they don’t hurt themselves, won’t fall, etc.

54
Q

3 anti-infective agents

A

Antibiotics
Antifungals
Antivirals

55
Q

Therapeutic agents used to kill or suppress pathologic microorganisms responsible for causing infectious disease.
Will kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria

A

Antibiotics

56
Q

What is an example of antibiotics?

A

Penicillin

57
Q

Medications used to kill fungal organisms; ex: treating athletes foot or yeast infection

A

Antifungals

58
Q

What is an example of antifungals?

A

Nystatin

59
Q

Medications used for treating viral infections; ex: influenza

A

Antivirals

60
Q

Extremely toxic compounds designed to kill off rapidly growing cells of the human body by altering or destroying the various stages in cellular division
Example is on cancerous cell

A

Chemotherapy agents

61
Q

What is an example of a chemotherapy agent?

A

Adriamycin

62
Q

High density pharmacologic agents used to visualize low-contrast tissues in the body, such as the vasculature, kidneys, GI tract, and biliary tree

A

Radiopaque contrast media (ROCM)

63
Q

2 most common ROCM

A

Iodine

Barium

64
Q

Radiolucent and radiopaque appears how on x-rays?

A 
Radiolucent = black
Radiopaque = white
65
Q

Treatment other than through the digestive system

Ex: IV contrast

A

Parenteral

66
Q

Through the digestive system

Ex: drinking contrast

A

Enteral

67
Q

The movement of water across a semi permeable membrane (allowing only certain substances to pass through it) into a solution where the solvent concentration is higher, thus equalizing the concentrations of materials on either side of the membrane
There must be a greater concentration of solute on one side so that water is drawn across the membrane

A

Osmosis

68
Q

Two substances (solute and solvent) that are evenly mixed together

A

Solution

69
Q

Substance being dissolved (sugar)

A

Solute

70
Q

The one doing the dissolving (water)

A

Solvent

71
Q

The number of milliosmoles per kilogram of water or the concentration of molecules per weight of water

A

Osmolality

72
Q

The number of milliosmoles per liter of solution of the concentration of molecules per volume of solution

A

Osmolarity

73
Q

Action of osmolality and osmolarity

A

Osmotic activity

74
Q

A highly osmotic agent (the sugar) will attract water across a permeable (allowing liquids or gases to pass) or semi permeable membrane to try to equalize pressure

A

High osmotic agents

75
Q

3 categories of intravascular contrast media

A

High osmolality ionic
Low osmolality ionic
Low osmolality non-ionic

76
Q

MOST damaging IV ROCM, inexpensive, contains a high amount of iodine

A

High osmolality ionic

77
Q

IV ROCM that has a high iodine content and cost more than the high osmolality ionic
Doesn’t require as much ROCM to visualize structures as the high osmolality ROCM

A

Low osmolality ionic

78
Q

Most commonly used, safest IV ROCM, less risky, expensive, still contains a little iodine
Less reactions to contrast

A

Low osmolality non-ionic

79
Q

ROCM is primarily excreted by which organs?

A

Kidneys

80
Q

Patients with normal renal function may excrete all (measurable) ROCM within how many hours?

A

24 hours

81
Q

ROCM primarily used to visualize and diagnose disorders of the gastrointestinal tract

A

Enteral ROCM

82
Q

3 types of enteral ROCM

A

Solutions
Suspensions
Tablets

83
Q

A liquid containing a dissolved substance
These are clear
Common ones used in the diagnosis of GI disorders are Gastrografin and Gastroview (water soluble contrast agent

A

Solutions

84
Q

Obtained when particles are mixed with, but do not dissolve in a fluid
These are not clear, cloudy
Barium Sulfate is the most common one used to visualize the GI tract

A

Suspensions

85
Q

2 ways bacterial contamination can occur

A

Unsanitary mixing

Storing liquid suspensions in open containers without refrigeration

86
Q

3 examples of hypersensitivity to barium (rare but occurs)

A

Respiratory complications
Loss of consciousness
Anaphylaxis

87
Q

A tablet taken to opacify (look at) the gallbladder
Used for gallbladder studies to check for gallstones
After ingestion of the tablet it is digested in the stomach, sent through portal circulation to the gallbladder where it mixes with bile salts to aid in digestion

A

Iocetamic acid

88
Q

Contrast used in MRI only
Gadolinium is the most common
Examples: Omniscan, Magnevist, Prohance

A

Paramagnetic contrast agents

89
Q

Ultrasound contrast agents, ex: Optison

A

Microbubble agents

90
Q

An estimated one of every how many patients receiving ROCM dies as a result of adverse effects from ROCM?

A

20,000-40,000

91
Q

The blood iodine concentration must be within the range of _______ mg/ml for a normal x-ray to reflect the vascular lumen

A

280-370 mg/ml

92
Q

Sensors in the vascular system that respond to changes in pressure within blood vessels
Ex: sends signals to the brain

A

Baroreceptors

93
Q

Neural receptors that respond to some local chemical change

Ex: the heart rate adjusted

A

Chemoreceptors

94
Q

The baroreceptors/chemoreceptors cause the nervous system to slow down the heart rate (bradycardia) and produce a drop in aortic pressure
If this occurs the patient may faint or lose consciousness

A

Vasovagal reactions

95
Q

9 vasovagal reactions

A 
Skin paleness 
Lightheadedness
Tunnel vision (your field of vision is constricted so that you see only what's in front of you)
Nausea 
Feeling of warmth 
Diaphoresis
Blurred vision
Bradycardia
Syncope
96
Q

A cold, clammy sweat

A

Diaphoresis

97
Q

Chelate

A

Bind to

98
Q

Blood thinning

A

Anticoagulation

99
Q

An immediately life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction

A

Anaphylaxis

100
Q

15 anaphylactic effects

A 
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Hives
Rash
Flushing
Cyanosis
Lightheadedness
Unconsciousness
Seizures
Wheezing
Stridor
Respiratory distress
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Hypotension
101
Q

Bluish color of the skin usually due to lack of oxygen

A

Cyanosis

102
Q

Abnormal, high-pitched, musical breathing sound caused by a blockage in the throat

A

Stridor

103
Q

Low blood pressure

A

Hypotension

104
Q

Connective tissue cells that contain the chemicals histamine (involved in the inflammatory process)
Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis
Located in the skin, synovium (membrane that lines a joint), and mesentery (a fold of the peritoneum that attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen)

A

Mast cells

105
Q

ROCM are responsible for approximately what percent of all acute renal failure (ARF) events and are the what most common cause of hospital-acquired ARF?

A

10%

Third

106
Q

Low urine output in acute renal failure patients

Urine output that does not exceed 400 ml a day

A

Oliguric ARF

107
Q

What is the average urine output?

A

800-2000 mL a day

108
Q

Process of removing waste products and excess fluids from the body
Several times a week

A

Dialysis

109
Q

A condition in which the kidneys suddenly can’t filter waste from the blood

A

Acute renal failure

110
Q

Toxicity with the kidneys

A

Direct renal tubular toxicity

111
Q

Deficiency of blood in one or both kidneys usually due to constriction of blood vessels

A

Renal ischemia

112
Q

What is the most important preventative measure that one can perform to prevent adverse reactions?

A

Hydration

113
Q

Relatively new agent for treating hypertensive emergencies
Treats high blood pressure
Shown to increase and preserve renal blood flow
Good to take before having IV contrast to help prevent negative renal problems from occurring

A

Fenoldopam

114
Q

Can help prevent renal damage from IV contrast when kidneys are already compromised
It improves renal blood flow and reducing the dye’s nephrotoxic effects
Vasodilators can be used to dilate the vessels if there is a constriction in order to help blood flow
Will usually start this 48 hours prior to injection

A

Mucomyst/Acetylcysteine

115
Q

Acute, life threatening condition where an excessive amount of thyroid hormones are released
Generally occurs in patients who have decompensated thyrotoxicosis, which is a condition in which the body becomes unable to tolerate thyroid hormones
Iodine from the contrast can cause the thyroid to produce amounts of thyroid hormones that exceed the body’s tolerance level
Signs/Symptoms:
Fever, tachycardia, diaphoresis, nervousness, and emotional instability

A

Thyroid storm

116
Q

8 general side effects and adverse reactions

A 
Nausea 
Vomiting
Flushing with a generalized feeling of warmth
Metallic taste
Sneezing
Itching
Rash
Diaphoresis
117
Q

4 main contrasts used in MRI

A

Omniscan
Optimark
Prohance
Magnevist

RAD 322 - Radiographic Contrast and Sectional Anatomy (8 decks)

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