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RAD 322 - Radiographic Contrast and Sectional Anatomy > Ch 3-4 > Flashcards

Ch 3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Area of pharmacology that focuses on the method for achieving effective drug administration

A

Biopharmaceutics

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2
Q

Study of drugs in living systems

The branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs

A

Pharmacology

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3
Q

A substance into which a drug is compounded for initial delivery into the body
Drugs are placed into these by the manufacturing process
Ex: any substance that can serve as a mode of transportation of the drug, like food or water

A

Drug vehicle

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4
Q

3 dosage forms

A

Solid
Liquid
Gas

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5
Q

Must be capable of releasing its contents so that the drug can be delivered to the site of action

A

Dosage form

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6
Q

Dosage form used for oral administration

A

Solid

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7
Q

3 types of solid dosage forms

A

Tablets
Capsules
Troches

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8
Q

3 things solid dosage forms are composed of

A

Active ingredient
Filler
Disintegrators/dyes/flavoring agents/outside coating

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9
Q

Active ingredient

A

Drug

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10
Q

Hold the tablet in shape, gives bulk in manufacturing

A

Filler

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11
Q

Aid in chemical disintegration when introduced to water or temperature (heat)

A

Disintegrators

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12
Q

For drug identification

A

Dye

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13
Q

For palatability

A

Flavoring

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14
Q

Having a pleasant/tolerable taste

A

Palatability

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15
Q

For ease of swallowing and protect drug inside

A

Outside coating

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16
Q

7 types of tablets

A 
Compressed
Sugar-coated
Film-coated
Enteric-coated
Multiple-compressed
Effervescent
Buccal or sublingual
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17
Q

Compacted tablet, no special coating
Degraded by the environment
Ex: Tylenol

A

Compressed tablet

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18
Q

Table with a thin layer of sugar coating, will look glossy
Masks bad tastes
Protects active ingredient from environment
Ex: some anti-inflammatory medicines (like Advil)

A

Sugar-coated tablet

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19
Q

Tablet with a thin coating of material other than sugar
Serves the same function as sugar coating but is less expensive to the manufacturer
Ex: Metformin (medication used for diabetes)

A

Film-coated tablet

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20
Q

Tablet that passes through the stomach and releases active ingredients in small bowel
Keeps stomach acid from destroying it
Prevents some substances from upsetting the stomach
Ex: Naproxen (treats rheumatoid arthritis)

A

Enteric-coated tablets

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21
Q 
Tablet usually in capsule form
Protects against oxidation
Palatability
Allows for timed or periodic release; dissolves slower in order to be released slower
Ex: Morphine
A

Multiple compressed or controlled release tablet

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22
Q

Being combined chemically with oxygen

Ex: a fresh apple turns brown

A

Oxidation

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23
Q

Tablets that contain sodium bicarbonate with organic acids: citrate and tartrate
Solid dosages that produce gas
Ex: Alka-Seltzer (disintegrate into an effervescent solution when dropped in water)

A

Effervescent tablets

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24
Q

Tablets designed to disintegrate in sublingual space (under tongue)
High blood supply and very vascular, fast absorption rate

A

Sublingual

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25
Q

Tablets designed to disintegrate in the cheek area
Absorbed by vasculature, allows for rapid absorption and drug action
Greater potency (bypasses the liver, stomach and intestines)
Ex: Nitroglycerin (treats chest pain)

A

Buccal

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26
Q

A soft or hard shell that encloses the active ingredient
Contains the drug in a powder
Masks bad taste
Allows for easier swallowing and controlled/timed release

A

Capsules

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27
Q

Solid medications designed to dissolve in the mouth

Ex: lozenges/cough drops, some anesthetics

A

Troches

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28
Q

Solid dosage form that melts by body heat and releases medication into the vasculature
Primarily rectal or vaginal
Ex: enema for constipation, Monistat for yeast infection

A

Compressed suppositories or inserts

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29
Q

Dosage form used to administer medications by all routes but are usually given orally or parenterally
Fastest absorption rate; travels through the body and has the largest surface area for it to be absorbed

A

Liquid dosage form

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30
Q

5 liquid dosage forms

A 
Orally
Rectally
Vaginally
Transdermally
Parenterally
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31
Q

Medication given across the skin, ex: nicotine/pain patch

A

Transdermally

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32
Q

Any route other than the digestive system

A

Parenterally

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33
Q

Under the skin, ex: insulin injection

Low blood supply, slow absorption rate

A

Subcutaneous

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34
Q

Within the skin, ex: TB test

A

Intradermal

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35
Q

Within a sheath, ex: sheath of the spinal cord

A

Intrathecal

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36
Q

Into the brain, ex: to treat meningitis (bacterial infection of membranes of spine/brain

A

Intracisternal

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37
Q

Into the muscle, ex: in the tricep or quadriceps (Diazepam for anxiety)

A

Intramuscular

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38
Q

Into a vein, ex: contrast used in x-ray

A

Intravenous

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39
Q

Into an artery, ex: chemo drugs

A

Intra-arterial

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40
Q

7 parenteral routes

A 
Subcutaneous
Intradermal
Intrathecal
Intracisternal
Intramuscular
Intravenous
Intra-arterial
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41
Q

3 vehicle forms for parenteral drugs

A

Solution
Suspension
Emulsion

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42
Q

Drug is dissolved in water or saline, ex: IV contrast (can’t see particles because they’re dissolved)

A

Solution

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43
Q

Undissolved (liquid or solid) drug particles suspended in a suitable liquid medium, will be thicker
Ex: barium

A

Suspension

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44
Q

A mixture of two liquids, one suspends in the other

Ex: oil in water

A

Emulsion

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45
Q

Dosage form used in oxygen therapy and aerosol inhalers that contain liquid medication dispersed in a gas propellant (ex: albuterol- a bronchodilator that treats asthma)
Almost all of these use lungs as entry site into body

A

Gas dosage form

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46
Q

Generally considered the beginning of the pharmacokinetic phase, how the drug moves

A

Disintegration and dissolution

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47
Q

A process of how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized (biotransformation), and eliminated/excreted

A

Pharmacokinetics

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48
Q

Progress of a drug from the time it’s administered through the time it passes to the tissues, until it becomes available for use by the body

A

Absorbed

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49
Q

Process by which the drug is delivered to the tissues and fluids of the body
As soon as a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream, it’s this throughout the body by the circulatory system

A

Distributed

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50
Q

The body’s ability to change a drug from its dosage form to a more water-soluble form that can later be excreted
Chemical alteration of a substance, especially of a drug, within the body, as by the action of enzymes
The drug is chemically inactivated by being converted into a water soluble compound (metabolite) and excreted from the body
Form of the drug elimination process
May lead to toxicity if delayed

A

Metabolism/biotransformation

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51
Q

Elimination of the drug from the body

A

Eliminated/excretion

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52
Q

2 factors of absorption

A

Surface area

Blood flow

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53
Q

What medication has the slowest absorption rate?

A

Enteric coated tablets

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54
Q

A large surface area allows for _________ absorption than a smaller area

A

Better

55
Q

More blood flow, _______ absorption

A

More

56
Q

Narrowing due to excessive plaque buildup

A

Stenosis

57
Q

The amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of another substance
The more of this the drug, the more rapidly it will be absorbed

A

Solubility

58
Q

Fat solubility, how well the drug “likes” fat
Human cells have a double layer of fats (lipids) that a drug must cross in order to be absorbed
Drugs with good lipid solubility (dissolve) will easily cross this membrane

A

Lipophilicity

59
Q

An increase in the strength of a fluid by evaporation

A

Concentration

60
Q

Movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration in the cell membrane (wants equilibrium)
Does not require energy or work of the molecules
Most common

A

Passive diffusion

61
Q

Contains a carrier protein to which a drug attaches
Protein gives drug a “piggyback ride”
Movement of molecules from low to high concentration in the cell membrane
Sometimes a cell has to work and use some energy to maintain a proper balance of ions and molecules

A

Active transport

62
Q

A substance that yields hydrogen ions

A

Acids

63
Q

A substance that can accept hydrogen ions

A

Bases

64
Q

A neutrally charged (non-ionized) particle crosses a cell membrane ________ than does a charged (ionized) particle

A

Better

65
Q

A weak acid crosses barriers _______ when in an acid medium
Ex: aspirin is a weak acid, when it arrives in the stomach, it enters an acidic environment, the acidic aspirin is in an acidic environment which makes it non-ionized or neutrally charged, this creates an easy pathway through the membrane for the drug to enter the blood. Once absorbed, aspirin is in the bloodstream, it is in the base (alkaline) environment; it becomes ionized and cannot cross the cell membrane back into the stomach

A

Best

66
Q

Some drugs interact with other chemicals to form insoluble (undissolved) precipitates; in turn, absorption is significantly decreased
Ex: barium (undissolved suspension) is toxic IV but ok for oral GI; not absorbed by intestinal membrane, you will pass it

A

Compatibility

67
Q

Settling or particles in solution

A

Precipitate

68
Q

3 factors that affect drug distribution

A

Cardiac output
Regional blood flow
Drug reservoirs (drug pooling)

69
Q

The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute

A

Cardiac output

70
Q

The amount of blood supplies to a specific organ or tissue (vascular)

A

Regional blood flow

71
Q

Storage reservoirs that allow a drug to accumulate by binding to specific tissues in the body, like plasma, fat, or bone

A

Drug reservoirs (drug pooling)

72
Q

2 barriers to the distribution of drugs

A

Blood-brain barrier

Placental barrier

73
Q

A filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking the passage of certain substances

A

Blood-brain barrier

74
Q

5 things that can break down the blood-brain barrier

A

Hypertension (high blood pressure opens it)
Development (not fully formed at birth)
Radiation (opens it)
Infection (exposure to infectious agents opens it)
Trauma, ischemia, inflammation, pressure (injury to the brain)

75
Q

Which organ’s primary function is metabolism?

A

Liver

76
Q

Exchange between mother and fetus

A

Placental barrier

77
Q

Which organ’s primary function is excretion?

A

The kidneys filter the blood and remove unbound water-soluble compounds

78
Q

3 other ways drugs can be excreted besides the kidneys

A

Intestine: feces
Respiratory system: gases, breathing
Breast milk, saliva, sweat

79
Q

Refers to drugs

A

Pharmaco

80
Q

Refers to what happens when two things meet and interact

A

Dynamics

81
Q

The study of how the effects of a drug are manifested

A

Pharmacodynamics

82
Q

Refers to treatment or therapy

A

Therapeutics

83
Q

The use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

84
Q

Used for those who are symptomatically ill and require therapy to correct an underlying condition

A

Acute therapy

85
Q

Based on practical experience rather than on pure scientific data
When a drug is primarily used for one thing, but it is found to help with another symptom

A

Empiric therapy

86
Q

Used to treat chronic conditions that can’t be cured (like RA)

A

Maintenance therapy

87
Q

Replenish or substitute missing substances such as hormones in the body

A

Supplemental/replacement therapy

88
Q

Doesn’t effectively treat the cause of the disease but goal is to help the patient’s well being

A

Supportive therapy

89
Q

Used to treat end stage or terminal diseases to make the patient as comfortable as possible

A

Palliative therapy

90
Q

Method by which a drug responds to its effects

Most compounds involve a chemical interaction between the drug and a functionally important component of a living system

A

Mechanism of action

91
Q

A specialized location on a cell membrane or inside a cell
Specific biologic sites located on a cell surface or within a cell
Like keyholes for specific drugs

A

Receptors

92
Q

3 affinities/attractions drugs have for their specific receptors

A

Agonist
Antagonist
Mixed agonist/antagonist

93
Q

Drug or natural substance that combines with receptors and initiates a series of biochemical and physiological changes
It simply stimulates or enhances the body’s natural response to stimulation
Ex: given epinephrine for someone with asthma like symptoms, this is a bronchodilator, no new function was developed only enhanced to make the person be able to breath properly again

A

Agonist

94
Q

Drug ability is able to produce a response

A

Intrinsic activity

95
Q

Block receptors
Doesn’t stimulate the receptor
It will inhibit or counteract effects produced by other drugs or undesired effects

A

Antagonist

96
Q

Ant-

A

Against

97
Q

A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction

A

Enzyme

98
Q

The increase in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of an additional substance

A

Catalysis

99
Q

Some ointments or skin creams may physically block underlying tissues from the outside environment; like a barrier

A

Nonspecific drug interactions

100
Q

The degree to which a drug is able to produce a desired effect
Ex: if drug A reduces pain from severe to moderate and drug B reduces pain from severe to none at all, drug B has more of this; basically how well it works, Drug B works better

A

Efficacy

101
Q

The relative concentration of that drug required to produce the desired effect
Ex: if both drug A and drug B provide total pain relief but drug A requires 2000mg and drug B requires 500mg, drug B is more potent because it only took a small amount to produce the same effect
Basically how much it takes to produce a desired effect

A

Potency

102
Q

Interval between the time a drug is administered and the first sign of its effects

A

Onset of action

103
Q

Period from onset of drug action to the time when response is no longer perceptible (up to peak and down)

A

Duration of action

104
Q

Reached when the absorption rate equals the elimination rate

A

Peak concentration

105
Q

Point at which a drug effect is no longer seen

A

Termination of action

106
Q

When drug is given

A

Administration of drug

107
Q

Process of a drug from the time its administered through the time it passes to the tissues, until if becomes available for use by the body

A

Absorption

108
Q

Highest plasma concentration attained from a dose

A

Peak serum concentration

109
Q

Produces toxic effect

Ex: given too high of a dose

A

Toxic level

110
Q

Lowest plasma concentration that produces the desired drug effect

A

Minimal effective concentration

111
Q

A ratio that compares the blood concentration at which a drug becomes toxic (or its adverse effect potential) and the concentration at which the drug is effective
Ratio between lethal and effective dose
If it takes a lethal dose to obtain a therapeutic effect, you may kill your patient at the same time you are trying to cure them

A

Therapeutic index

112
Q

The dose at which a drug is lethal to 50% of the population

A

Lethal dose

113
Q

The dose required to produce a therapeutic effect in 50% of the population

A

Effective dose

114
Q

What is the therapeutic index ratio?

A

TI= LD50/ED50
The closer the ratio to 1, the greater the danger involved in administering the drug to humans. The larger the therapeutic index, the safer the drug

115
Q

Time required for 50% of the drug to be eliminated

Dosage amount generally won’t change this

A

Half life/half life of elimination

116
Q

2 things the half life is determined by

A

Rate of biotransformation (metabolism)

Excretion

117
Q

What is the half life of radiographic contrast?

A

6 hours

118
Q

Drugs can react in the body to produce unpredictable and harmful responses
No drug is totally safe and absolutely free of toxic effects
This is the reason for warning labels
May require a lower dosage
Any unwanted effect

A

Adverse effects

119
Q

Predictable actions, other than the intended actions of the drug; can be good or bad
Ex: Benadryl causes drowsiness; IVP dye can cause flush feeling, sensation to urinate, metallic taste

A

Side effects

120
Q

Directly related to the dose
The higher the dose, the greater these effects
A normal dose may become this if metabolism or elimination is impaired, for instance if your patient only has one kidney, because it can’t filter as fast or an impairment to the liver

A

Toxicity

121
Q

4 adverse effects

A

Side effects
Toxicity
Allergic reactions
Iatrogenic effects

122
Q

Results from an immune-mediated response by the body against the drug and is not necessarily related to dose
Absolutely no drugs are completely safe

A

Allergic reactions

123
Q

3 adverse response variables

A 
Age (children and elderly are highly responsive to drugs; infants have immature hepatic and renal system and elderly have deteriorated hepatic/renal function)
Body mass (the relationship between body mass and drug amount influences the distribution and concentration of the drug)
Time of administration (some drugs are absorbed better by empty stomach while others are irritating to the stomach and need to be taken with food or water)
124
Q

Of or relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment
A new medical problem has cropped up as a result of the actions of the medical provider
Example: a patient becomes infected because a doctor or nurse didn’t wash his/her hands after touching a previous patient

A

Iatrogenic effects

125
Q

Occurs when the effects of one drug are modified by prior or concurrent administration of another drug
These interactions may either be positive or negative
Ex: positive = probenecid (used to treat gout) prolongs the action of penicillin and can help some antibiotics work better; negative = receiving IV contrast while on Glucophage can damage kidneys

A

Drug-drug interactions

126
Q

Two drugs act together to give a pharmacologic response that is greater than the additive response expected
The combined effect is greater than either drug can produce when taken alone

A

Synergism

127
Q

When two drugs with different chemical composition are placed together, they may chemically destroy their activity
Basically the drug for either may not work at all

A

Chemical incompatibility

128
Q

5 types of drug orders

A 
Standard written orders
Single orders
Stat orders
Standing orders
Verbal orders
129
Q

Orders written by the health care provider

A

Standard written orders

130
Q

Orders written for a medication given only once

A

Single orders

131
Q

Orders that must be done immediately with a quick diagnosis

A

Stat orders

132
Q

Orders to establish guidelines for treatment, like a lab draw every six months

A

Standing orders

133
Q

Medication orders that are given orally

A

Verbal orders

RAD 322 - Radiographic Contrast and Sectional Anatomy (8 decks)

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