Ch 8: Research and Program Evaluation (Research & Program Eval)

Question 1

8.1

• *1. A professional counselor is interested in developing an affirmative policy after investigating the treatment of gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals in a community program. This study is represented best by which paradigm?**
  a. Interpretivism
  b. Post-positivism
  c. Positivism
  d. Critical

Answer 1

d. Critical

Question 2

• *2. The paradigm characterized most by the notion that with enough research we can gain knowledge of a universal truth is**
  a. interpretivism.
  b. post-positivism.
  c. positivism.
  d. critical.

Answer 2

c. positivism.

Question 3

• *3. The __________ study failed the most to outline participants’ voluntariness.**
  a. Belmont
  b. Milgram’s Obedience
  c. Carnegie
  d. Willowbrook

Answer 3

d. Willowbrook

Question 4

• *4. __________ outlines research participants’ rights and researchers’ responsibilities in conducting research.**
  a. HIPAA
  b. 45 CRF 46
  c. FERPA
  d. Proposition 16

Answer 4

b. 45 CRF 46

Question 5

• *5. __________ outlines the privacy rights of participants pertaining to health information.**
  a. HIPAA
  b. 45 CFR 46
  c. FERPA
  d. Proposition 16

Answer 5

a. HIPAA

Question 6

8.2

• *1. The type of counseling program a client selects would most likely be an example of a(n)**
  a. independent variable.
  b. dependent variable.
  c. null variable.
  d. extraneous variable.

Answer 6

a. independent variable.

Question 7

• *2. A(n) __________ variable can create an uncontrolled effect in a study’s outcome.**
  a. independent
  b. dependent
  c. null
  d. extraneous

Answer 7

d. extraneous

Question 8

• *3. Detecting a significant relationship when one is present is known as**
  a. alpha.
  b. beta.
  c. effect size.
  d. power.

Answer 8

d. power.

Question 9

• *4. Randomly identifying a counseling agency that serves clients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sampling its entire staff is most likely an example of a __________ sampling method.**
  a. simple random
  b. cluster
  c. quota
  d. systematic

Answer 9

b. cluster

Question 10

• *5. Which of the following internal validity threats is LEAST likely related to a repeated measures study for a group of sixth-graders?**
  a. History
  b. Maturation
  c. Attrition
  d. Diffusion of treatment

Answer 10

d. Diffusion of treatment

Question 11

8.3

• *1. Conducting qualitative research followed by quantitative research is known as a(n)**
  a. concurrent design.
  b. exploratory design.
  c. explanatory design.
  d. All of the above.

Answer 11

b. exploratory design.

Question 12

• *2. Analyzing digital recordings of several patients with schizophrenia to determine the quality of their social interactions would most likely be an example of**
  a. quantitative research.
  b. qualitative research.

c. mixed-methods research.
d. single-subject research design (SSRD).

Answer 12

b. qualitative research.

Question 13

• *3. Providing an overall picture of community crime statistics would most likely be an example of**
  a. pilot research.
  b. action research.
  c. descriptive research.
  d. single-subject research design (SSRD).

Answer 13

c. descriptive research.

Question 14

• *4. Pilot studies are useful for each of the following reasons EXCEPT**
  a. they confirm post hoc a larger study’s findings.
  b. they assist in revising data collection methods.
  c. they help to find potential limitations of a planned larger study.
  d. All of the above are useful aspects of pilot studies.

Answer 14

a. they confirm post hoc a larger study’s findings.

Question 15

• *5. Which of the following is the clearest example of a cross-sectional design?**
  a. Studying children with reactive attachment disorder over their lives
  b. Examining participant attrition issues in a 10-year study
  c. Developing a needs assessment to investigate necessary policy changes
  d. Comparing the impact of a bullying incident across grade levels

Answer 15

d. Comparing the impact of a bullying incident across grade levels

Question 16

8.4

• *1. The question “Do two groups of students differ in their degree of involvement in college activities?” would best be addressed by a __________ design.**
  a. causal-comparative
  b. panel
  c. comparative
  d. longitudinal

Answer 16

c. comparative

Question 17

• *2. Evaluating change from pre- to post-intervention of a smoking cessation program for a group of 25 individuals who select to join the program would most likely be an example of**
  a. time series design.
  b. one-group pretest-posttest design.
  c. one-group posttest design.
  d. split-plot design.

Answer 17

a. time series design.

Question 18

• *3. “What is the relationship between driving speed and gas prices?” is an example of a question best addressed by a(n) __________ design.**
  a. causal-comparative
  b. correlational
  c. comparative
  d. ex post facto

Answer 18

b. correlational

Question 19

• *4. Which of the following research designs requires random assignment?**
  a. Pre-experimental
  b. True experimental
  c. Quasi-experimental
  d. Single subject

Answer 19

b. True experimental

Question 20

• *5. The amount of shared variance among the variables of depression and anxiety (r = .30) is**
  a. .30.
  b. .70.
  c. .09.
  d. It depends on the validity of the instruments.

Answer 20

c. .09.

Question 21

8.5

• *1. The standard deviation represents**
  a. the difference between the lowest score and the highest score in a distribution.

b. the typical score in a distribution.
c. how much an individual score differs from the mean score in a distribution.
d. the height of a distribution of scores

Answer 21

c. how much an individual score differs from the mean score in a distribution.

Question 22

• *2. Each of the following statements is true EXCEPT**
  a. skewness can be identified if the values of the mean and median are known.
  b. the mean is influenced by extremely high or low scores.
  c. the median is influenced by the position of scores.
  d. the mode is influenced by extreme scores.

Answer 22

d. the mode is influenced by extreme scores.

Question 23

• *3. On a set of geography test results, the instructor informed the class that almost everyone had scored within one standard deviation of the mean. Results like these would be depicted by a(n) __________ distribution.**
  a. platykurtic
  b. inverted
  c. mesokurtic
  d. leptokurtic

Answer 23

d. leptokurtic

Question 24

• *4. If you are trying to determine the typical salary for real estate professionals and your data includes $30,000, $32,000, $25,000, $38,000, and $249,000, using a _________ would be the most appropriate measure of central tendency.**
  a. mean
  b. median
  c. mode
  d. All of the above.

Answer 24

b. median

Question 25

• *5. Each of the following statements is correct EXCEPT**
  a. skewed distributions can be positively skewed.
  b. skewed distributions can be negatively skewed.
  c. in skewed distributions, the scores accumulate at the center of the distribution.
  d. in skewed distributions, the scores accumulate at one end of the distribution.

Answer 25

c. in skewed distributions, the scores accumulate at the center of the distribution.

Question 26

8.6

• *1. Which of the following is most likely an example of restriction of range?**
  a. Women in a particular community and depression levels
  b. Prediction of graduate school grades among students scoring 7320 on the Graduate Record Examination
  c. Elementary school children and depression levels
  d. Clients at a psychiatric facility and depression levels

Answer 26

b. Prediction of graduate school grades among students scoring 7320 on the Graduate Record Examination

Question 27

• *2. What is the key difference between a t-test and an ANOVA?**
  a. Number of dependent variables
  b. Number of groups for an independent variable
  c. The use of ratio data
  d. The use of a continuous dependent variable

Answer 27

b. Number of groups for an independent variable

Question 28

• *3. What is the key difference between an ANOVA and a MANOVA?**
  a. Number of dependent variables
  b. Number of groups for an independent variable
  c. The use of ratio data
  d. The use of a continuous dependent variable

Answer 28

a. Number of dependent variables

Question 29

• *4. A professional counselor wants to examine the relationship between education level and the decision whether to participate in a continuing education program. Which statistical test would be appropriate to use?**
  a. ANOVA
  b. ANCOVA
  c. Chi-square
  d. Wilcoxon’s signed-ranks test

Answer 29

c. Chi-square

Question 30

• *5. Answer the following analogy: An independent t-test is to a Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z procedure as a dependent t-test is to a(n)**
  a. ANOVA.
  b. ANCOVA.
  c. chi-square.
  d. Wilcoxon’s signed-ranks test.

Answer 30

d. Wilcoxon’s signed-ranks test.

Question 31

8.7

• *1. Which of the following qualitative research traditions most assists the counselor to attend to participants’ lived experiences while developing a theory on the processes of a phenomenon?**
  a. Phenomenology
  b. Grounded theory
  c. Consensual qualitative research
  d. Ethnography

Answer 31

c. Consensual qualitative research

Question 32

• *2. Which of the following qualitative research traditions most assists the counselor to collaborate with participants to enact change in a setting?**
  a. Ethnography
  b. Biography
  c. Case study
  d. Participatory action research

Answer 32

d. Participatory action research

Question 33

• *3. A data management tool that can serve as a cover sheet or snapshot for an event during data collection is a(n)**
  a. contact summary sheet.
  b. memo.
  c. reflexive journal.
  d. audit trail.

Answer 33

a. contact summary sheet.

Question 34

• *4. The question “Why should I believe your qualitative findings?” is best answered by focusing on**
  a. credibility.
  b. transferability.
  c. dependability.
  d. confirmability.

Answer 34

a. credibility.

Question 35

• *5. A college counselor is interested in including in his study all students who witnessed a recent shooting at his university. Which sampling method best describes this approach?**
  a. homogenous
  b. comprehensive
  c. extreme case
  d. maximum variation

Answer 35

b. comprehensive

Question 36

8.8

• *1. At the end of an evaluation examining the effectiveness of a substance abuse prevention program, Charisse provides feedback to counselors at the agency. This is an example**
• *of what program evaluation concept?**
  a. Accountability
  b. Efficiency
  c. Summation
  d. Advising

Answer 36

a. Accountability

Question 37

• *2. As part of the needs assessment process, a(n) __________ is typically given to stakeholders.**
  a. process evaluation
  b. executive summary
  c. outcome evaluation
  d. treatment package

Answer 37

b. executive summary

Question 38

• *3. Molly is developing objectives for a grief counseling program she is beginning with her community. Using the ABCD model discussed in this chapter, which component is most analogous to the program location?**
  a. Behavior
  b. Content
  c. Condition
  d. Audience

Answer 38

c. Condition

Question 39

• *4. Monitoring if a program is running as planned is known as**
  a. process evaluation.
  b. executive summary.
  c. outcome evaluation.
  d. treatment package.

Answer 39

a. process evaluation.

Question 40

• *5. Ben, a professional school counselor, is trying to determine which grade level would most benefit from his newly developed study skills program. Which program evaluation strategy would most characterize this?**
  a. Success case
  b. Parametric
  c. Constructive
  d. Moderation design

Answer 40

d. Moderation design