Ch 3: Human Growth and Development

Question 1

3.1

• *1. Aging involves growth and change in an organism over**
• *time and is categorized as**
  a. biological.
  b. social.
  c. psychological.
  d. All of the above

Answer 1

d. All of the above

Question 2

2. Diane is often mistaken for being 10 years younger than
her actual age. She says that her youthful glow is from
living a carefree life and lots of physical activity. Which
of the following is NOT a true statement about biological
aging?
a. Biological aging depends on metabolic changes.
b. Biological aging refers to people’s perceptions of how
old or young they feel.
c. Biological aging involves anabolism.
d. Biological aging involves catabolism

Answer 2

b. Biological aging refers to people’s perceptions of how old or young they feel.

Question 3

• *3. Part of biological aging, the term catabolism refers to**
  a. the body’s decline to death from its peak.
  b. the body’s development from birth to its peak.
  c. the metabolic changes that occur in older adults.
  d. None of the above.

Answer 3

a. the body’s decline to death from its peak.

Question 4

• *4. Intelligence is accounted for mostly by a person’s**
  a. environment.
  b. genetics.
  c. genetics and environment in equal parts.
  d. educational level.

Answer 4

b. genetics.

Question 5

• *5. Nature versus nurture has been a controversial topic in**
• *developmental psychology. Today, epigenetic theorists**
• *emphasize the importance of**
  a. nature.
  b. nurture.
  c. the combination of nature and nurture.
  d. None of the above.

Answer 5

c. the combination of nature and nurture.

Question 6

3.2

• *1. The brain usually reaches its adult weight by the time a**
• *person is**
  a. 12 years old.
  b. 16 years old.
  c. 44 years old.
  d. 64 years old

Answer 6

b. 16 years old.

Question 7

• *2. The brain is divided into three parts. The most primitive**
• *part of the brain is the**
  a. hindbrain.
  b. midbrain.
  c. forebrain.
  d. cerebral cortex

Answer 7

a. hindbrain.

Question 8

• *3. Different parts and structures within the brain are responsible for various functions. The ____________ is responsible for regulating arousal and attention.**
  a. medulla oblongata
  b. cerebellum
  c. reticular activating system
  d. hypothalamus

Answer 8

c. reticular activating system

Question 9

• *4. As genetic screening becomes more prominent, it is**
• *important for counselors to be knowledgeable about different classes and examples of genetic disorders. Sickle**
• *cell anemia is classified as**
  a. an X-linked disease.
  b. a sex chromosomal disorder.
  c. an autosomal disorder.
  d. none of the above.

Answer 9

c. an autosomal disorder.

Question 10

• *5. Professional counselors must be familiar with common**
• *examples of genetic disorders. Males born with an extra**
• *X chromosome have**
  a. Turner syndrome.
  b. Tay-Sachs disease.
  c. phenylketonuria.
  d. Klinefelter’s syndrome.

Answer 10

d. Klinefelter’s syndrome.

Question 11

3.3

• *1. Classical conditioning is a type of stimulus-response**
• *learning theory. Recall Ivan Pavlov’s well-known studies**
• *on the salivation of dogs when presented with food powder. In his famous experiments with dogs, the conditioned**
• *stimulus was**
  a. the salivation.
  b. the meat powder.
  c. the bell, buzzer, or tone.
  d. None of the above.

Answer 11

c. the bell, buzzer, or tone.

Question 12

2. In classical conditioning, when people present a conditioned stimulus at the same time as the unconditioned
   stimulus, they are using
   a. backward conditioning.
   b. simultaneous conditioning.
   c. retroactive conditioning.
   d. delayed conditioning.

Answer 12

b. simultaneous conditioning.

Question 13

• *3. In classical conditioning, the temporal relationship**
• *between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned**
• *stimulus is important. The effectiveness of the conditioning depends on how and when either stimulus is presented.**
• *Which of the following is the most successful form of**
• *conditioning?**
  a. Backward conditioning
  b. Simultaneous conditioning
  c. Retroactive conditioning
  d. Delayed conditioning

Answer 13

d. Delayed conditioning

Question 14

• *4. John is extremely stressed about his upcoming statistics**
• *test. His counselor suggests that he try imagining that he**
• *is at a lake fishing for the day. John does so and begins**
• *to feel better. Which of the following people developed**
• *the principle of reciprocal inhibition, which means that a**
• *person cannot engage in two mutually exclusive events**
• *simultaneously?**
  a. Joseph Wolpe
  b. John B. Watson
  c. Albert Bandura
  d. Edward L. Thorndike

Answer 14

a. Joseph Wolpe

Question 15

• *5. Ethan is two years old. After watching his mother wrinkle**
• *her nose at items she disliked, he began picking up items**
• *and showing them to his grandparents. “That’s nasty!”**
• *he would inform them. Which of the following people**
• *developed social learning theory, which is based on the**
• *principle that people learn through observation, imitation,**
• *and modeling?**
  a. Ivan Pavlov
  b. B. F. Skinner
  c. John B. Watson
  d. Albert Bandura

Answer 15

d. Albert Bandura

Question 16

3.4

• *1. Two Indian American men referred to their neighbor as**
• *Chinese. Their neighbor became annoyed and corrected**
• *them saying, “I’m Filipino! Get it right.” The two men**
• *were surprised they were scolded. One said to the other,**
• *“Probably the Chinese and Filipinos are part of different castes. That must be why he is offended.” According**
• *to Piaget, these neighbors are involved in the process of**
• *adaptation known as**
  a. assimilation.
  b. accommodation.
  c. symbolic representation.
  d. All of the above.

Answer 16

a. assimilation.

Question 17

• *2. Billy is an infant who is playing with his father. His**
• *father takes a ball and hides it behind his back. Billy**
• *laughs and begins to search for the ball. Billy is in**
• *the ____________ stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive**
• *development.**
  a. sensorimotor
  b. preoperational
  c. concrete operational
  d. formal operational

Answer 17

a. sensorimotor

Question 18

3. Animism refers to
a. only being able to focus on one aspect of a problem
at a time.
b. thinking that humans created everything in the world.
c. giving life to lifeless objects.
d. the belief that actions cannot be reversed.

Answer 18

c. giving life to lifeless objects.

Question 19

• *4. Individuals can think logically and abstractly when they**
• *reach the ____________ stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.**
  a. sensorimotor
  b. preoperational
  c. concrete operational
  d. formal operational

Answer 19

d. formal operational

Question 20

• *5. Devin is 17-years-old and drives over the speed limit**
• *without wearing seatbelts. When his girlfriend complains,**
• *he tells her there is no way they can get hurt. “Sweetie,**
• *I’m a great driver, and I promise I’d never drive any faster**
• *than I can handle.” It’s likely that Devin**
  a. has an imaginary audience.
  b. has created a personal fable.
  c. is engaged in magical thinking.
  d. is using divergent thinking.

Answer 20

b. has created a personal fable.

Question 21

3.5

• *1. Noam Chomsky’s theory of language development is considered to be a(n)**
  a. learning theory approach.
  b. nativist approach.
  c. interactionist approach.
  d. epigenetic approach.

Answer 21

b. nativist approach.

Question 22

• *2. Language rules that transcend specific languages and cultures are called**
  a. surface structures.
  b. global structures.
  c. deep structures.
  d. intrinsic structures.

Answer 22

c. deep structures.

Question 23

3. How many morphemes does the word “books” have?
   a. 1
   b. 2
   c. 3
   d. 4

Answer 23

b. 2

Question 24

• *4. The appropriate use of grammar is the definition of**
  a. syntax.
  b. pragmatics.
  c. semantics.
  d. phonology.

Answer 24

a. syntax.

Question 25

5. When do babies become adept at holophrasing?
   a. Approximately 8 months of age
   b. Approximately 10 months of age
   c. Approximately 1 year of age
   d. Approximately 1½ years of age

Answer 25

d. Approximately 1½ years of age

Question 26

3.6

• *1. Freud believed that fixation results from**
  a. overgratification.
  b. undergratification.
  c. both overgratification and undergratification.
  d. None of the above

Answer 26

c. both overgratification and undergratification.

Question 27

• *2. Erikson would consider a normal 4-year-old child to be in**
• *the ____________ stage of personality development.**
  a. Initiative vs. Guilt
  b. Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
  c. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
  d. Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer 27

a. Initiative vs. Guilt

Question 28

• *3. Desiree is an obedient daughter who wants to make sure**
• *her family approves of her choices. At school, she has**
• *always felt more comfortable following the rules than**
• *rebelling. She is in the ____________ stage of Loevinger’s**
• *ego development theory.**
  a. integrated
  b. conformist
  c. self-awareness
  d. conscientious

Answer 28

b. conformist

Question 29

• *4. According to Maslow, before people can meet their needs**
• *for esteem, they must meet their need for**
  a. safety.
  b. belongingness.
  c. survival (physiological needs).
  d. All of the above.

Answer 29

d. All of the above.

Question 30

• *5. Claire is three years old. When her mother leaves for work**
• *in the morning, she cries so loud and for so long that her**
• *grandparents shut all the apartment windows and doors.**
• *They fear that their neighbors will suspect child abuse.**
• *When Claire’s mother returns, Claire clings to her leg as**
• *she does her house chores for the evening. Claire would**
• *be considered by Mary Ainsworth to display**
  a. secure attachment.
  b. avoidant attachment.
  c. ambivalent attachment.
  d. disorganized attachment.

Answer 30

c. ambivalent attachment.

Question 31

3.7

• *1. Frankie and Margot are in their twenties and thirties,**
• *respectively. They are probably in the ____________ level**
• *of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development.**
  a. preconventional
  b. conventional
  c. postconventional
  d. None of the above

Answer 31

b. conventional

Question 32

2. Individuals who adhere to moral standards to satisfy their
own personal desires are in Kohlberg’s ____________ stage
of moral development.
a. instrumental hedonism
b. “good boy, good girl”
c. obedience and punishment
d. law and order

Answer 32

a. instrumental hedonism

Question 33

• *3. People who are in the conventional stage of Kohlberg’s**
• *theory of moral development may do all of the following**
• *EXCEPT follow the rules**
  a. to avoid societal disapproval.
  b. to avoid familial disapproval.
  c. agreed on through a democratic process.
  d. so that law and order can be maintained.

Answer 33

c. agreed on through a democratic process.

Question 34

• *4. A woman who balances her personal needs with those of**
• *others is in the ____________ stage of Gilligan’s theory of**
• *moral development.**
  a. goodness as self-sacrifice
  b. orientation to individual survival
  c. morality of nonviolence
  d. All of the above

Answer 34

c. morality of nonviolence

Question 35

• *5. Millie takes her younger brother’s cookie and begins to**
• *eat it. When her mother explains that stealing cookies is**
• *not allowed in their house, she crushes the cookie in her**
• *brother’s hand. Her mother is exasperated but knows that**
• *Millie doesn’t understand the reason for this rule. Millie**
• *is in the ____________ stage of Piaget’s theory of moral**
• *development.**
  a. premoral
  b. moral realism
  c. moral relativism
  d. moral orientation

Answer 35

b. moral realism

Question 36

3.8

• *1. According to Gesell, human development is PRIMARILY**
• *due to**
  a. genetics.
  b. nurture.
  c. the environment.
  d. None of the above

Answer 36

a. genetics.

Question 37

• *2. Havighurst believed that relating to one’s spouse as a**
• *person is a developmental task of**
  a. young adulthood.
  b. middle age.
  c. late maturity.
  d. All of the above.

Answer 37

b. middle age.

Question 38

• *3. In Havighurst’s model of human development, many of**
• *the earlier (childhood) tasks are**
  a. biologically determined.
  b. socially determined.
  c. culturally determined.
  d. psychologically determined.

Answer 38

a. biologically determined.

Question 39

• *4. In Gould’s theory of adult development, adults must do**
• *each of the following EXCEPT**
  a. refute false assumptions.
  b. decrease parental dependency.
  c. increase spousal dependency.
  d. increase self-reliance.

Answer 39

c. increase spousal dependency.

Question 40

• *5. Peck’s theory of adult development is an expansion of**
  a. Erikson’s psychosocial theory.
  b. Freud’s psychosexual theory.
  c. Havighurst’s developmental task approach.
  d. Gould’s adult development theory.

Answer 40

a. Erikson’s psychosocial theory.

Question 41

3.9

• *1. Jody and Chuck are getting married. Neither have been**
• *married before, but Chuck has two children from a previous relationship. Jody gets along very well with the children and has known the older of the two since she was**
• *three years old. What percentage of first marriages end**
• *in divorce?**
  a. ~30%
  b. ~40%
  c. ~50%
  d. ~60%

Answer 41

c. ~50%

Question 42

• *2. During the ____________ stage of family development,**
• *it is most important for boundaries to become more**
• *flexible.**
  a. welcoming children into the family
  b. raising adolescents
  c. launching
  d. later family life

Answer 42

b. raising adolescents

Question 43

• *3. Children of permissive parents often become all of the**
• *following EXCEPT**
  a. rebellious.
  b. aggressive.
  c. self-centered.
  d. irresponsible.

Answer 43

a. rebellious.

Question 44

• *4. Parents who enforce a set standard of conduct and frequently use physical punishment to control their children**
• *are**
  a. authoritative.
  b. authoritarian.
  c. uninvolved.
  d. permissive.

Answer 44

b. authoritarian.

Question 45

• *5. Romel and Janissa announced that they planned to get**
• *divorced. Janissa spoke to her mother and said their problems had been occurring for a while, and she realized**
• *these problems were insurmountable. Today, a couple’s**
• *divorce is most commonly blamed on**
  a. domestic abuse.
  b. substance abuse.
  c. incompatibility.
  d. All of the above.

Answer 45

c. incompatibility.

Question 46

3.10

• *1. Lydia was 28 years old when her daughter fell ill and died**
• *from food contaminated with E. Coli. She began attending**
• *a group for parents who are grieving a child, but she still**
• *has a difficult time coping. Lydia’s loss is a**
  a. developmental crisis.
  b. psychiatric crisis.
  c. existential crisis.
  d. situational crisis.

Answer 46

d. situational crisis.

Question 47

• *2. All of the following are developmental crises EXCEPT**
  a. the birth of a child.
  b. moving to a new state.
  c. a car accident.
  d. changing jobs.

Answer 47

c. a car accident.

Question 48

• *3. Jessica worked with survivors of a terrorist attack. Two**
• *weeks into her post-attack work, she had trouble sleeping**
• *and wondered to her friends, “What’s the point of all the**
• *work that I do? It’s not solving anything. Terrorists will**
• *keep on killing and there’s nothing I can do to stop that.”**
• *Jessica is experiencing**
  a. compassion fatigue.
  b. vicarious trauma.
  c. burnout.
  d. transcrisis.

Answer 48

a. compassion fatigue.

Question 49

• *4. According to the Indivisible Self wellness model, the following is NOT part of the essential self:**
  a. gender identity
  b. nutrition
  c. spirituality
  d. self-care

Answer 49

b. nutrition

Question 50

• *5. Tony and Danielle recently survived a flood within their**
• *community, which destroyed their personal property—**
• *causing them to miss work as they tried to rebuild their**
• *lives. As a result, they developed substantial anxiety as**
• *their financial resources dwindled. A counselor may want**
• *to most engage in the following type of intervention to**
• *work with the couple:**
  a. crisis counseling training and assistance program
  b. collective trauma work
  c. psychological first aid
  d. self-care strategies

Answer 50

b. collective trauma work