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Biology I > Ch. 8 - Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Ch. 8 - Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process of using the energy from sunlight to power the synthesis of carbohydrates.

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2
Q

What is the reaction formula for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H2O + sunlight -> C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O

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3
Q

Through what does gas exchange in a leaf occur?

A

Through pores called stomata.

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4
Q

In what cells does photosynthesis take place?

A

Mesophyll cells.

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5
Q

What are the three main stages of photosynthesis?

A

1) Capturing energy from sunlight.
2) Using energy to make ATP and NADPH
3) Carbon fixation

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6
Q

What is the purpose of carbon fixation?

A

To use synthesized ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from atmospheric CO2.

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7
Q

What are the first two stages of photosynthesis called?

A

Light reactions.

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8
Q

What is the third stage of photosynthesis called?

A

The Calvin cycle.

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9
Q

In plants, photosynthesis only occurs where?

A

In the chloroplast.

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10
Q

How many membranes compose chloroplasts?

A

Outer and inner.

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11
Q

What are grana and where are they located?

A

Compartments of stacked membranes.

Located in the chloroplasts.

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12
Q

What is a thylakoid?

What is the difference between a thylakoid and a grana?

A

A flattened sack.

A grana is comprised of a stack of thylakoids.

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13
Q

What is imbedded in the membrane of the thylakoids?

A

Photosynthetic pigments (Chlorophylls and accessory pigments)

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14
Q

What are photosystems?

A

The pigments clustered together.

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15
Q

What is the stroma?

A

A semi-fluid matrix surrounding the grana.

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16
Q

What is contained in the stroma?

What are they used for?

A

Contains enzymes.

Used to assemble the carbon molecules.

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17
Q

How are mitochondria and chloroplasts similar?

A

They each contain their own DNA.

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18
Q

What are light reactions?

A

The initial set of reactions that are dependent on light.

19
Q

What are dark reactions?

A

The second set of reactions that were independent of light, but limited by CO2.

20
Q

What is light a part of?

A

The electromagnetic spectrum.

21
Q

How do electromagnetic energy travel?

A

In waves

22
Q

What is a wavelength?

A

The distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next wave

23
Q

How are wavelength and energy level related?

A

The shorter the wavelength the higher the energy.

24
Q

What are the 8 types of wavelengths?

A
  • Radio waves: 1-100 meters long (lowest energy)
  • Microwaves: About 1cm (higher energy)
  • Infrared: between 800nm (nanometer) - 10um (micrometer)
  • Visible light: 400-740nm
  • Ultraviolet: About 10nm
  • X-rays: About 1nm
  • Gamma rays: < 0.001 nm
25
Q

List visible light in order from largest wavelength to lowest.

A 
Red -> 740nm
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
Violet -> 400nm
26
Q

How does light energy travel?

A

In small packets called photons.

27
Q

What are the two properties that light has?

A

Properties of both waves and particles.

28
Q

What is important about photons and the amount of energy they posses?

A

The shorter the wavelength the higher energy the photon will contain.

29
Q

What are the 2 things that can happen when a photon strikes a molecule?

A

1) The energy is lost as heat

2) The energy can be absorbed by the electrons of the molecule.

30
Q

What happens if the electron of a molecule absorbs photons?

A

The energy can cause the electron to jump into a higher energy level.

31
Q

What are pigments?

A

Molecules that absorb light energy.

32
Q

How do you absorb light energy?

A

Pigments.

33
Q

What is the difference between Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b?

A

Just a substitution at one location on the ring.

34
Q

What is chlorophyll a?

A

The primary pigment used in virtually all photosynthetic organisms.

35
Q

What are chlorophyll and carotenoids responsible for?

A

Absorbing light energy.

36
Q

How are chlorophyll and carotenoids different?

A

They absorb light from different spectrums.

37
Q

What are the pigments in carotenoids called? Why?

A

Accessory pigments.

They allow for more efficient usage of the energy from sunlight.

38
Q

What is a photosystem?

A

A cluster of chlorophyll and accessory pigment molecules imbedded in a membrane.

39
Q

Where are the photosystems imbedded in photosynthetic bacteria?

In photosynthetic eukaryotes?

A

In the plasma membrane.

In the thylakoid of the chloroplasts.

40
Q

What 2 parts compose a photosystem?

A

1) Antenna complex

2) Reaction center

41
Q

What is the antenna complex in a photosystem?

What is the function?

A

A cluster of chlorophyll molecules.

Captures energy.
The captured energy is transferred from molecule to molecule until the energy reaches the reaction center.

42
Q

What is the reaction center of a photosystem made of?

What is the function?

A

One or two chlorophyll molecules in a transmembrane protein matrix.

To eject high energy electrons to start the next series of steps of photosynthesis.

43
Q

What are the 4 main steps of light reactions?

A

1) Primary photo event
2) Charge separation
3) Making ATP
4) Making NADP

Biology I (12 decks)

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