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Biology I > Ch. 11 - Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis > Flashcards

Ch. 11 - Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are gametes?

A

Reproductive cells, sperm and eggs.

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2
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Non-reproductive cell, body cells, basically everything else.

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3
Q

What is the term for fertilization?

A

Syngamy.

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4
Q

What is a zygote?

A

When two gametes unite.

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5
Q

How do zygotes grow?

A

Through mitosis.

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6
Q

What is reduction division?

A

A mechanism to reduce the size of the genome in the gametes.

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7
Q

What is the reduction division process called?

A

Meiosis.

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8
Q

What two things make up the cycle of reproduction?

A

Meiosis and fertilization.

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9
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Diploid adults (2 sets of chromosomes) make haploid gametes which combine to form a diploid zygote.

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10
Q

What are germ line tissues?

A

Tissues that will undergo meiosis to form the gametes.

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11
Q

What can sexual reproduction be seen as?

A

An alteration of generations.

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12
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A process of cell division that has certain unique features.

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13
Q

What unique features does meiosis have?

A

Synapsis, homologous recombination, and reduction division.

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14
Q

What is the synapsis in meiosis, and when does it occur?

A
  • Occurs during the first nuclear division

- The process of forming the complexes of homologous pairs along their length.

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15
Q

What is homologous recombination?

A

When genetic exchange occurs between the homologous pairs.

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16
Q

What is crossing over?

A

The exchange of genetic material between homologous pairs of chromosomes.

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17
Q

What is reduction division?

A

Cell division without replication of the chromosomes.

18
Q

How many phases does meiosis consist of?

What are they in order?

A

8 Stages

Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2.

19
Q

How many stages is prophase 1 divided into?

What are they?

A

5 stages

1) Leptotene
2) Zygotene
3) Pachytene
4) Diplotene
5) Diakinesis

20
Q

What happens during Leptotene phase of prophase 1?

A

Chromosomes condense together.

21
Q

What happens during Zygotene phase of prophase 1?

A

1) Synapsis takes place

2) A protein complex hold the homologous pairs together.

22
Q

What happens during Pachytene phase of prophase 1?

A

1) Chromosomes are held together in perfect alignment.
2) Segments of the chromosomes can cross over to there other homologous chromosomes. (helps increase genetic diversity of the gametes).

23
Q

What happens during Diplotene phase of prophase 1?

A

1) The protein complex that holds the pairs together comes apart
2) The chromosomes unpack, and there is a period of intense cell growth.

24
Q

What happens during Diakinesis phase of prophase 1?

A

The chromosomes re-condense and the cell starts to transition into metaphase 1.

25
Q

What happens during metaphase 1?

A

The homologous pairs align along the metaphase plate. The orientation is random.

26
Q

What happens during anaphase 1?

A

The homologous pairs are pulled to opposite sides of the cell (the centromeres stay intact).

Genes on different chromosomes sort independently increasing genetic diversity of gametes.

27
Q

What happens during telophase 1?

A

The sister chromatids reach the ends of the cell and cytokinesis begins.

The sister chromatids are not identical because of crossing over.

28
Q

What is different between the first and second meiotic division?

A

The DNA is not replicated between Telophase 1 and Prophase 2.

29
Q

What happens in prophase 2?

A

Spindle forms, nuclear envelope disappears.

30
Q

What happens during metaphase 2?

A

Sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate, spindle fibers attach to the centromeres.

31
Q

What happens during anaphase 2?

A

Spindle fibers shorten pulling the sister chromatids apart.

32
Q

What happens during telophase 2?

A

The nuclear envelope reforms around the daughter cells.

33
Q

After Telophase 2, how many cells will there be?

Will the new cells be haploid or diploid?

A

4 haploid daughter cells.

34
Q

What happens in asexual reproduction?

Give an example.

A

The offspring inherits the entire genome from a single parent. Genetically identical copy of the parent.

Binary fission.

35
Q

What is another form of sexual reproduction?

A

Parthenogenesis.

36
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

When adults develop from unfertilized eggs.

37
Q

What animals go through parthenogenesis?

A

Some arthropods and a few vertebrates (lizards, frogs, and fish).

38
Q

What is the DNA repair hypothesis?

A

1) The formation of the synapsis between homologous pairs of chromosomes could present an opportunity to repair damaged chromosomes.
2) One strand is used as a template to repair the damaged strand, but if both strands are damaged, the homologous pair could be used to fix the damaged homolog.

39
Q

What is the Red Queen Hypothesis?

A

1) The high genetic variability produced by sexual reproduction help organisms keep up with the changing environment.
2) Certain genes can become more favorable as the environment changes, high genetic diversity helps to maintain genetic traits that can be useful in the future.
3) Sometimes called treadmill evolution.

40
Q

What is Millers Ratchet?

A

1) Since individuals from population that reproduce asexually are identical copies, any harmful mutations are accumulated through time.
2) Sexual reproduction provides a mechanism for reducing mutation by making individuals with lower mutation loads that can be favored by natural selection.

Sorry, don’t quite understand what she was trying to say on the last part (bad grammar)

Biology I (12 decks)

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