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Biology I > Ch. 4 - Cell Structure > Flashcards

Ch. 4 - Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What three things do all cells have?

A

1) Plasma membrane
2) Nucleiod or nucleus
3) Cytoplasm

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2
Q

What is a plasma membrane?

A

A lipid bilayer that surrounds a cell.

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3
Q

What does a nucleus contain?

A

Contains genetic material (DNA)

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4
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Semi-fluid matrix that fills the interior of the cell.

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5
Q

What are located inside Eukaryotic cells?

A

Organells

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6
Q

What are organelles?

A

Specialized membrane bound compartments.

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7
Q

How big are typical cells?

A

Most are microscopic.

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8
Q

Who first described cells, and when?

A

Robert Hooke in 1665.

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9
Q

Who was the first to describe living cells?

What was he the first too discover?

A

Atoine Van Leeuwenhock.

Bacteria, several protists, nematodes (round worms), rotifers, blood cells and sperm cells.

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10
Q

Who studied plant tissue and developed the first modern cell theory? When?

Who made similar studies using animal cells? When?

A

Matthias Schleiden; 1838.

Theodore Schwann; 1839.

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11
Q

What are the three principles of the modern cell theory?

A

1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells, and metabolism and hereditary occur within these cells.
2) Cells are the smallest living things, they are the basic units of organization of all organisms.
3) Cells arise only by the division of previously existing cells

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12
Q

Why are cells microscopic?

A

1) Communication; cells need to communicate with each other to function properly. This is easier if the cells are smaller.
2) Cells synthesize units which travels by diffusion. This is much fast over short distances.

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13
Q

What are most bacteria protected by in their cell wall?

What are they?

A

Peptidoglycans.

Cross-linked complexes of carbohydrates and proteins.

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14
Q

What are the three internal structures of a bacteria?

A

1) Nucleoid (Contains DNA, but isn’t surrounded by a membrane.
2) Ribosomes
3) Cytoplasm

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15
Q

What do some bacteria have that is used for motion?

A

Flagellum.

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16
Q

If a cell is photosynthetic, what does it contain?

A

Chlorophyll.

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17
Q

If a bacteria is photosynthetic, where is the chlorophyll located?

A

On the inner side of the plasma membrane.

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18
Q

How far can bacteria move per second?

A

20 cell diameters.

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19
Q

What 16 organelles are found in eukaryotic cells?

A

1) Nucleus
2) Nuclear envelope
3) Nucleolus
4) Plasma Membrane
5) Cytoplasm
6) Mitochondrion
7) Ribosome
8) Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Rough
- Smooth
9) Golgi apparatus
10) Lysosomes
11) Vacuoles
12) Centrioles
13) Cytoskeleton
14) Chloroplasts
15) Cell walls
16) Plasmodesmata

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20
Q

What does the nuclear envelope surround?

A

Surrounds the nucleus.

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21
Q

What is a nucleolus?

A

dark spots in the nucleus; area of intense ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis.

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22
Q

What does the plasma membrane surround?

A

Surrounds the cell.

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23
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Semi fluid matrix that fills the cell.

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24
Q

What does the mitochondrion provide to the cell?

A

Provides energy.

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25
Q

What are ribosomes responsible for synthesizing?

A

Site of protein synthesis.

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26
Q

What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Rough: studded with ribosomes

- Smooth: no ribosomes

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27
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Used to package and deliver molecules within and beyond the cell.

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28
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Digestive vesicles.

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29
Q

What is the function of vacuoles?

A

Used for storage.

Huge in plant cells.

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30
Q

What are centrioles used for?

A

Used in cell division.

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31
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A

A network of tubes and fibers that supports the cell and anchors the organelles; a scaffolding for the cell.

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32
Q

What do chloroplasts contain, and what process is it involved in?

Where are they found?

A

Chlorophyll; photosynthesis.

Found in plant cells.

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33
Q

What are cell walls?

In what kind of cell are cell walls located?

What are they comprised of?

A

Thick impermeable walls.

Found in plant cells.

Made of cellulose.

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34
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

In what kind of cell can they be located?

What is the function?

A

Holes in cell walls.

In plant cells.

Allow plant cells to communicate with each other.

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35
Q

What is the nuclear envelope that surrounds the nucleus made of?

A

Two lipid bilayers.

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36
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

Areas of the nuclear envelope that fuse to create small holes.

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37
Q

What lines the nuclear pores, and what do they act as?

A

Lined with proteins that act as molecular channels.

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38
Q

What two kinds of molecules can pass through the nuclear pores?

A

1) Proteins moving into the nucleus to be incorporated with nuclear structures.
2) RNA and RNA/protein complexes that are being exported to the cytoplasm.

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39
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

DNA found in linear structures

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40
Q

How is chromatin formed?

What does this allow for?

A

When chromosomes are extended into very thin threads, and the DNA is fully extended.

This allows access to all of the DNA material.

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41
Q

When a cell is going to divide, what happens to the DNA?

How is this accomplished?

A

It is packaged into H shaped structures.

Using specialized packaging proteins called histones.

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42
Q

What are nucleosomes?

A

DNA that is wrapped around histones.

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43
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46; 23 pairs

44
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

The interior of a eukaryotic cell filled with small membranes.

45
Q

What is the largest endomembrane?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

46
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum composed of?

A

A lipid bilayer embedded with proteins.

47
Q

What are the two types of Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

Rough ER and Smooth ER.

48
Q

How does the Rough ER get its name?

A

From the large number of ribosomes that stud its surface.

49
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A

Synthesizes proteins that are going to be exported outside of the cell.

50
Q

What is a free ribosome?

What is its function?

A

A ribosome that isn’t attached to the rough ER.

To start protein synthesis.

51
Q

If a protein to be exported outside the cell contains certain Signal Sequence, what does that tell the free ribosome?

A

to fuse with the Rough ER and finish protein synthesis on the Rough ER surface.

52
Q

Is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum studded with ribosomes?

A

No

53
Q

Structurally, what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A lipid bilayer embedded with enzymes.

54
Q

What are the enzymes in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum responsible for?

A

Carbohydrate and lipid synthesis

55
Q

What passes through the smooth ER once it’s produced by the rough ER?

A

Proteins.

56
Q

How are proteins, carbohydrates and lipids transported to the Golgi apparatus for export out of the cell?

A

Vesicles.

57
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus look like?

A

A series of flattened sacs.

58
Q

What is each sac located in the Golgi apparatus called?

A

The Golgi body.

59
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Collecting, packaging, and distributing of molecules both inside and outside of the cell.

60
Q

Where do the transport vesicles bud off from and fuse with?

A

buds off of the Smooth ER and fuses with the cis face of the Golgi.

61
Q

Where is the cis face located on the golgi apparatus?

A

The side that faces inward.

62
Q

What happens as the proteins and lipids travel through the Golgi apparatus?

Give an example.

A

They are modified according to their final function.

Example:
The addition of short sugar chain to glycoproteins or glycolipids.

63
Q

What are the last few layers of the Golgi called?

A

Cisternae.

64
Q

What is the outward facing side of the Golgi called?

A

Trans face.

65
Q

What happens at the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus?

A

The cisternae fuse together to form a vesicle that fused with the plasma membrane and the contents are pushed out of the cell.

66
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A

Vesicles that come from the Golgi, but aren’t secreted out of the cell.

67
Q

What are lysosomes packed with?

A

digestive enzymes

68
Q

What is the function of Lysosomes?

A

To break down macromolecules and organelles.

69
Q

What do Lysosomes require in order to work?

A

A low pH.

70
Q

How many kinds of Lysosomes are there?

What are they, and what are their functions?

A

2

Primary; Lysosomes that don’t have a low pH and aren’t functioning.
Secondary; These Lysosomes have fused with something, have a low pH, and are actively digesting something.

71
Q

What are two reasons we need Lysosomes?

A

1) Digestive enzymes are very destructive, and don’t want to damage other cell components.
2) Digestive enzymes require a low pH, but low pH will denature many other enzymes.

72
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

When a cell engulfs another cell.

73
Q

What cell participates in phagocytosis?

A

Amoebas and white blood cells.

74
Q

What are microbodies?

A

membrane bound vesicles that contain enzymes.

75
Q

What are two examples of microbodies.

What are the function of each microbody?

A

1) Glyoxysomes
- Contain enzymes that convert fats into carbohydrates.
- Found in plant cells.
2) Peroxisomes
- Contain oxidizing enzymes that are dangerous to the cells metabolism.

76
Q

What is a ribosome?

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

A complex of several strands of ribosome RNA (rRNA) and several proteins.

Used to build proteins

77
Q

What are ribosomes composed of?

Where are the sub-units made?

A

Two sub-units (Large and small).

The sub-units are made in the nucleolus of the nucleus and are assembled outside the nucleus.

78
Q

What do ribosomes attach too?

A

mRNA

79
Q

Once ribosomes are attached to mRNA, what process starts?

A

The process of making the protein from nucleotide sequence.

80
Q

What is translation?

A

The process of reading the nucleotide sequence and making the corresponding proteins.

81
Q

What is a mitochondria?

A

The furnace of the cell, making the energy the cell needs to fuel its biochemistry.

82
Q

The mitochondria is composed of two membranes. What are they?

A

A smooth outer membrane, and inner membrane with lots of folds called the cristae.

83
Q

What is the matrix of the mitochondria?

A

The space inside the inner membrane.

84
Q

What is the inter membrane space?

A

The space between the two membranes.

85
Q

What process takes place in the mitochondria, and what does it do?

A

Oxidative metabolism - Produces ATP the cell needs (energy).

86
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place in the mitochondria?

A

In the Matrix.

87
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place in the Mitochondria?

A

On the Cristae.

88
Q

What does the Mitochondria have its own of in regards to the rest of the cell?

A

DNA.

89
Q

What do plants and other eukaryotes that use photosynthesis have?

A

Chloroplast.

90
Q

What do chloroplast contain, and what is the function?

A

Chlorophyl.

A green pigment used to covert the energy from sunlight to energy for the cell.

91
Q

What are grana (sing. granum)?

A

Several compartments of stacked membranes located in the chloroplasts.

92
Q

What are thylakoid?

A

Each flattened stack that makes up the grana.

93
Q

How are Chloroplasts similar to Mitochondria?

A

They have their own DNA.

94
Q

What two types of reactions occur in the chloroplast, and where do they take place?

A

1) Light reactions: occur on the thylakoid membrane.

2) Dark reactions: occur in the stroma.

95
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

An extensive network of filaments, tubes, and fibers that supports the cell and keeps things in place in the cell.

96
Q

What components make up the cytoskeleton?

A

1) Actin filaments
2) Microtubules
3) Intermediate filaments

97
Q

What are actin filaments composed of?

What are they responsible for?

A

Consist of two strands of globular proteins that are twisted together.

Responsible for cell movements.

98
Q

What are microtubules composed of?

What are they responsible for?

A

Hollow tubes made of 13 strands arranged in a circle; Each strand is made of alpha and beta tubular (globular proteins)

Move organelles around the cell, like trackways.

99
Q

What are intermediate filaments used for?

A

Structure.

100
Q

What are Central Vacuole in plants used for?

A

To store waste products.

101
Q

What are the three parts of the cell wall?

A

1) Primary wall; Laid down during the initial growth of the cell.
2) Middle Lamella; A thick layer that glues the wall together, between the individual cells.
3) Secondary wall; Thicker walls added after the cell is fully-grown.

102
Q

How is the crawling of cells accomplished?

A

With pseudopods (false foot)

103
Q

How do cells swim?

A

Using flagellum or cilia.

104
Q

What are flagellum?

A

A circle of nine microtubule pairs with two microtubules in the center.

105
Q

What are cilia?

A

A series of short hairs in the same arrangement as flagellum.

106
Q

Other than swimming, what other functions are cilia used for?

A

Moving water or food particles over the cell.

Biology I (12 decks)

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