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Biology I > Ch. 1 > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Biology?

A

Scientific study of living organisms and how they evolved.

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2
Q

What is Science?

A

Knowledge derived from observation and experimentation carried out to determine the principles underlying what is being studied.

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3
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A suggested explanation that accounts for the observations.

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4
Q

What is an experiment?

A

Test of a hypothesis.

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5
Q

What is a variable?

A

An influencing factor.

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6
Q

What is a theory?

A

A proposed explanation for some natural phenomenon, often based on a general principle.

In Science, a theory is on solid ground, well tested, and widely accepted. An accepted principle or body of knowledge.

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7
Q

What is a control experiment?

A

An experiment where the variable in question is left unaltered.

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8
Q

What is evolution?

A

Operation of natural laws that produce change over time. The process of change in living organisms.

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9
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Differential reproduction under natural conditions. Differential contribution of genotypes to the gene pool of the next generation under natural conditions.

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10
Q

What are the Characteristics of Life?

A

1) Order
2) Sensitivity
3) Growth, Development, and Reproduction
4) Regulation
5) Homeostasis
6) Evolutionary Adaptation

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11
Q

In the characteristics of life, what is Order?

A

All organisms consist of one or more cells with highly ordered structure. Atoms to molecules to organelle to cells and cells to tissues to organs to organisms to populations to species to community to ecosystem.

Atom -> Molecule -> Macromolecule -> Organelle -> Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism -> Population -> Species -> Community -> Ecosystem -> Biosphere

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12
Q

In the characteristics of life, what is Sensitivity?

A

All organisms respond to stimuli.

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13
Q

In the characteristics of life, what is Growth, Development, and Reproduction?

A

All organisms are capable of growing and reproducing. Reproduction is carried out using hereditary molecules (DNA, RNA) ensuring the offspring are the same species.

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14
Q

In the characteristics of life, what is Regulation?

A

All organisms have internal mechanisms that coordinates the organisms internal functions.

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15
Q

In the characteristics of life, what is Homeostasis?

A

All organisms maintain constant internal conditions different from their environment.

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16
Q

In the characteristics of life, what is Evolutionary Adaptation?

A

All organisms are subject to evolutionary forces.

17
Q

What is Inductive Reasoning?

A

Using specific observations to construct general scientific principles.

18
Q

What is Deductive Reasoning?

A

Using general principles to predict specific results.

19
Q

Deductive Reasoning vs. Inductive Reasoning in the scientific method.

A

Both are used in science, deductive reasoning is used to test the validity of general principles. Inductive reasoning is used to come up with the underlying explanations.

20
Q

What are the steps in the Scientific Method?

A

1) Observation
2) Formation of a hypothesis
- The hypothesis is a potential explanation for the observation.
- The hypothesis needs to be testable.
3) Experimentation
- Design a controlled experiment to test the hypothesis.
- In a controlled experiment only one variable is manipulated.
- Only changing one variable ensures that any change can be attributed to the variable.
4) Results
- Support hypothesis
- Do not support hypothesis

21
Q

Theory

Scientific usage vs Popular usage

A

In Science, when a concept is called a “theory”, it is a well accepted, well tested
-ex: theory of gravity, or theory of evolution.

In popular usage, a “theory” is basically a guess
-ex: I have a theory that Colonel mustard committed the murder with the candlestick.

In Science a hypothesis becomes a theory only after lots of rigorous experimental confirmation.

22
Q

Who is Charles Darwin?

A

(1809-1882)
He was an English Naturalist who after years of observation wrote a very famous book called: On the Origins of species by means of Natural Selection, or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life (Shortened to Origin of Species)

This spelled out how natural selection was the evolutionary mechanism that produced the diversity of life on Earth.

23
Q

What theory did Charles Darwin develop?

A

The Theory of Evolution.

24
Q

How did Darwin develop the Theory of Evolution?

A

In 1831 he was sent out on a 5-year voyage on the HMS Beagle.
He stopped in the Galapagos islands.
Darwin and Wallace were searching for an explanation to what limits population size. The idea they hit on was that only best, most well adapted individuals survive and reproduce. Hence the term “Survival of the fittest”

This force would also cause a population to change over time since not all of the organisms would reproduce. The genes of the survivors would be passed on and the gene of the others would be lost.

25
Q

What happened to the theory of Evolution after Darwin died.

A

After Darwin died in 1882, there have been many developments that have added support to Darwin’s concepts.

26
Q

What do fossils show about the theory of evolution?

A

Today’s fossil record is much more complete than in Darwin’s time. The earliest fossil date back 3.5 billion years. Transitional forms have been found, clearly showing the path of evolution. The fossil record is not complete, but it provides links between the great groups of organisms (reptiles and birds, fishes and amphibians)

27
Q

Age of the Earth

A

The Earth has been shown to be about 4.5 billion years old, not a few thousand. Darwin realized that evolution would take time, but he didn’t have a clear idea of the age of the Earth.

28
Q

Genetics/Hereditary

A

In Darwin’s day, nothing was known about hereditary or genes. Genetics became established after his death.

29
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

These studies provide strong support for evolution by helping to sort out evolutionary relationships.

Homologous structures have a common evolutionary origin but have a different function (hand bones in a human, bat, and dolphin). Analogous structures have a similar function but have different evolutionary origins (bird wings vs. bumblebee wings)

30
Q

Molecular Biology

A

DNA sequencing has lead to huge advances in evolutionary biology.

31
Q

Developmental Biology

A

Studies of development stages of embryos has yielded clues about the evolutionary history that is species.

Biology I (12 decks)

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