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Biology I > Ch. 7 - How cells harvest energy > Flashcards

Ch. 7 - How cells harvest energy Flashcards

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1
Q

How do cells harvest energy?

A

With chemical bonds.

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2
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

“Self-Feeders”

The organisms harvest energy of sunlight and convert it into chemical energy.

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3
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

“Fed by others”

Live on chemical energy produced by autotrophs or from other heterotrophs.

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4
Q

Where does the chemical energy in food come from?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

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5
Q

What is digestion?

A

Enzymes breaking down large molecules into small molecules.

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6
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Breaking down chemical bonds to harvest the energy.

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7
Q

Where does the energy in chemical bonds come from?

A

From the electrons in the covalent bonds.

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8
Q

How do cells produce energy (ATP)?

A

By moving around electrons.

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9
Q

When is cellular respiration considered aerobic respiration?

A

When oxygen accepts the hydrogen (electron is on the hydrogen).

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10
Q

What are the three forms of cellular respiration?

A

1) Aerobic respiration
2) Anaerobic respiration
3) Fermentation

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11
Q

When is cellular respiration considered anaerobic respiration?

A

If an inorganic molecule other than oxygen accepts the hydrogen.

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12
Q

When is cellular respiration considered anaerobic respiration?

A

If an organic molecule accepts the hydrogen.

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13
Q

What are two important molecules in cellular respiration?

A

1) Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

2) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD/NADH)

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14
Q

In ATP, where is most of the energy held?

A

In the bond between the second and third phosphate.

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15
Q

When is a reaction considered an exergonic reaction?

A

When energy is released.

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16
Q

When is ATP consumed?

A

When the bond between the second and third phosphate is broken and energy is released.

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17
Q

What is the formula when ATP is consumed?

A

ATP -> ADP + PO4

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18
Q

When is ATP formed?

A

When a phosphate group is added to ADP.

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19
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

When energy is required to create a molecule.

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20
Q

What is the formula to change ADP into ATP?

A

ADP + PO4 -> ATP

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21
Q

What is the function of NAD/NADH?

A

To transport electrons and hydrogen ions around the cell.

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22
Q

What are the two forms of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide?

A

1) Oxidized (NAD+)

2) Reduced (NADH)

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23
Q

What is the chemical formula for Aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (heat or ATP)

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24
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

In the mitochondria.

25
Q

What is the purpose of Glucose Catabolism?

A

To create ATP.

26
Q

What are the two ways in glucose catabolism that ATP is made?

A

1) Substrate level phosphorylation

2) Chemeosmosis

27
Q

What is the process for substrate level phosphorylation?

Give an example.

A

A phosphate group is transferred directly to an ADP via a phosphate group bearing intermediate molecule.

The last step of glycolysis when a molecule called phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) transfers a phosphate group to an ADP molecule.

28
Q

What is the process of chemeosmosis to create ATP?

A

ATP is formed as electrons are harvested, transferred, and bound to oxygen.
This forms a proton gradient that powers the ATPase enzyme.

29
Q

How many stages are there in glucose catabolism?

A

4 stages

30
Q

Name the stages of glucose catabolism and their end products.

A

1) Glycolysis (2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH)
2) Pyruvate Oxidation (Makes one acetyl-CoA and one NADH)
3) The Krebs cycle (1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 for each acetyl-CoA)
4) Electron transport chain (makes lots of ATP)

31
Q

How many phases are there in Glycolysis?

A

3 phases.

32
Q

What are the 3 phases of glycolysis?

A

1) Glucose priming
2) Cleavage reaction
3) Energy harvesting reaction

33
Q

What is the net gain in glycolysis per glucose?

A

2 ATP and 2 NADH for each glucose.

34
Q

What is required to perform aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen.

35
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate.

36
Q

Going from Glycolysis to Pyruvate oxidation, what does pyruvate need to be converted into in order to continue with aerobic respiration?

A

Acetyl-CoA

37
Q

What is CoA?

A

An enzyme cofactor; a long molecule that has a thiol group on the end.

38
Q

What is the reaction formula for pyruvate oxidation?

A

Pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA -> Acetyl-CoA + NADH + CO2

39
Q

Using what enzyme is pyruvate oxidation accomplished?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase.

40
Q

What is the end product of pyruvate oxidation?

A

For each pyruvate (each glucose makes 2 pyruvate molecules) you get one acetyl-CoA and one NADH

41
Q

How many steps are in the Krebs cycle?

How many phases is it broken into? What are they?

A

9 steps

2 phases; Priming and Energy harvesting reactions

42
Q

What are the end products of the Krebs cycle?

A

For each Acetyl-CoA that enters, 3 NADH, 1 ATP, and 1 FADH2 is made

43
Q

What has been made after the first three steps of Aerobic respiration?

A
  • Glycolysis: 2 ATP, 2 NADH
  • Pyruvate Oxidation: 2 NADH, 2 CO2
  • Krebs cycle: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 2 ATP
44
Q

What is FADH2 similar to?

What is it used for?

A

NADH.

Used to transport electrons and hydrogen ions in the cell.

45
Q

In what phase of aerobic respiration are most of the ATP created?

A

During the Electron transport chain.

46
Q

How many steps are in the electron transport chain?

What are the they?

A

2 steps.

1) Making the hydrogen ions (proton) gradient
2) Making ATP

47
Q

In the electron transport chain, how many ATP are made per NADH and FADH2 per glucose?

A

NADH makes 3 ATP

FADH2 makes 2 ATP

48
Q

After all phases of aerobic respiration, how many ATP molecules are made per glucose?

A

36 ATP per glucose.

49
Q

What is the theoretical yield vs actual yield of ATP in aerobic respiration?

A

Theoretical yield = 36 ATP

Actual yield = 30 ATP

50
Q

What are the 2 reasons for the ATP discrepency in theoretical yield vs. actual yield?

A

1) The inner membrane is “leaky” with protons, and some pass through the membrane without passing through the ATPase
2) Mitochondria sometimes uses the proton gradient to drive other processes (ex. Transporting pyruvate into the mitochondria).

51
Q

What regulates aerobic respiration?

A

When there are high levels of ATP, glycolysis is inhibited.

When there are high levels of NADH, pyruvate oxidation is inhibited.

52
Q

How are glucose molecules in carbs converted into energy?

A

Through aerobic respiration.

53
Q

How is meat converted into energy?

A

Protein; Deamination is used to convert proteins into energy (ATP)

54
Q

How are lipids converted into energy?

A

B-oxidation is used to convert lipids into energy (ATP).

55
Q

What are the 2 stages proteins go through to be converted to energy?

A

1) Proteins are digested into individual amino acids

2) The amine group is removed via Deamination

56
Q

What are the three amino acids that go through deamination?

A

Alanine, serine, aspartate

57
Q

What are the amino acids broken down into, and what part of the aerobic respiration cycle are they applied to?

A

Alanine -> deamination -> pyruvate (used to form acetyl-CoA)

Serine -> deamination -> pyruvate (used to form acetyl-CoA)

Aspartate -> deamination -> Oxaloacetate (Krebs cycle)

58
Q

What are triglycerides (lipids) broken down into in order to go through B-oxidation?

A

Broken down into glycerol, and the fatty acids go through B-oxidation.

59
Q

What are the two ways to recycle NADH if it can’t go through aerobic respiration?

A

1) Alcohol fermentation

2) Lactic acid fermentation

Biology I (12 decks)

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