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Rad Pro 2 > Ch. 8 Pelvis and Hip > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Pelvis and Hip Flashcards

1
Q

Which bones make up the pelvis?

A

4 Bones
- Two hip bones, Sacrum, and Coccyx

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2
Q

What bones form the pelvic girdle?

A

Only the two hip bones

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3
Q

The hip bone is often referred to as the __

A

Os Coxae

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4
Q

The hipbone is composed of these 3 bones ___ which join together to form the ___, a cup-shaped socket that receives the head of the femur.

A
  • Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis
  • Acetabulum
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5
Q

The hip bone is further divided into two distinct areas:

What are these columns used for?

A

ilio-pubic column, and ilio-ischial column

These columns are used to identify fractures around the acetabulum

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6
Q

The ilium consists of a body and a board, a curved portion called the ___.
The body of the ilium forms the __ acetabulum

A
  • Ala
  • 2/5th of the superior acetabulum
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7
Q

The ala has 3 borders:

A

Anterior, Posterior, and Superior

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8
Q

The anterior and posterior borders present four prominent processes called:

A

Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Posterior superior iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine

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9
Q

The ___ is an important and frequently used radiographic positioned reference point

A

ASIS

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10
Q

The superior margin of the ilium is called the ___

A

iliac crest

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11
Q

The posterior inferior portion of the ilium ends in the ___

A

Greater sciatic notch

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12
Q

The pubis consists of a:

A

Body, the superior ramus, and the inferior ramus

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13
Q

The body of the pubis forms approximately __ of the ___ acetabulum.

A
  • One-fifth (1/5th)
  • Anterior
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14
Q

The inferior ramus of the pubis joins the:

A

ischium

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15
Q

The ischium consists of:

A

A body and ischial ramus

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16
Q

The body of the ischium forms the ___ of the acetabulum.

A

Posterior 2/5ths

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17
Q

The ischial ramus joins with the ___ of the pubis.

A

Inferior Ramus

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18
Q

The expanded portion on which the trunk rests when seated is called the ____.

A

ischial tuberosity

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19
Q

The rami of the pubis and the ischium enclose the ___.

A

Obturator Foramen

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20
Q

At the super posterior border of the body ischium is a prominent projection called the ___

A

ischial spine

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21
Q

An indentation just below the ischial spine is called the ___

A

Lesser sciatic notch

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22
Q

The longest, strongest, and heaviest bone in the body is the ____

A

Femur

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23
Q

The proximal end of the femur consists of a ___ and ___ and two large processes called the ____

A
  • Head and neck
  • Greater and lesser trochanter
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23
Q

The femur neck projects ___from the body

A

Medially, superiorly, and anteriorly

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24
Q

The __ is constricted near the head but extends to a broad base at the body of the bone.
(Femur)

A

Neck

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25
Q

The ___ are situated at the junction of the body and the base of the neck.
(Femur)

A

Trochanters

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26
Q

The less prominent ridge connecting the trochanters anteriorly is called the ___.

A

Intertrochanteric line

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27
Q

The __ trochanter is at the superolateral part of the femoral body and the __ trochanter is at the posteromedial part.

A

Greater trochanter, lesser trochanter

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28
Q

The femur ___ and ___ are two common sites of fracture in elderly adults

A

Femoral Neck and intertrochanteric crest

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28
Q

The prominent ridge between the trochanters at the base of the neck on the posterior surface of the body is called the ___.
(Femur)

A

Intertrochanteric crest

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29
Q

The angulation of the femoral neck varies with, ____ , ____ , & ____

A

age, sex, and stature

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29
Q

In the average adults, the femoral neck projections anteriorly from the body __ and superiorly at approximately ___.

A
  • 15 to 20 degrees
  • 120 to 130 degrees
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30
Q

The longitudinal plane of the femur is __ from vertical

A

10 degrees

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31
Q

In ___ the latter angle is wider, meaning the neck is more ___
(Femur)

Latter angle is the angle between the femurs neck and shaft. (I think)

A

-Children
-Vertical

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32
Q

A wide pelvis results in a ___ angle meaning the neck is more ___

A
  • Narrower
  • Horizontal
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33
Q

The articulation of the head of the femur and the acetabulum is a ___ type of joint

A

Synovial ball and socket

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34
Q

The junction of right and left pubic bones in the midline forms the __.
It is a ___ joint

A
  • Pubic Symphysis
  • Cartilaginous symphysis
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35
Q

The articulation between the right and left illa and the sacrum form the _

A

Sacroiliac joints (SI)

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36
Q

The two SI joints angle ___ from the MSP and are ___ joints

A
  • 25-30 degrees
  • Synovial irregular gliding
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37
Q

The female pelvis is __in structure than the male pelvis

A

Lighter

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38
Q

In shape, the female pelvis is __ and __ and the inlet is __ and more __ in shape

A
  • Wider
  • Shallower
  • Larger
  • Oval
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39
Q

The width and depth of the pelvis vary with __ and __

A

Stature and Gender

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40
Q

The region between the inlet and outlet is called the ___

(Pelvis)

A

Pelvic Cavity

41
Q

The bony landmarks used in radiography of the pelvis and hips are _

A

iliac crest
ASIS
Pubic symphysis
Greater trochanter
Ischial tuberosity
Tip of coccyx

42
Q

The highest point of the iliac crest is located on the posterior aspect of the _

A

ilium

43
Q

The highest point of the greater trochanter lies in the same horizontal plane as the midpoint of the _ and _

A
  • Hip Joint
  • Coccyx
44
Q

The most prominent point of the greater trochanter is in the same horizontal plane as the _

A

Pubic Symphysis

45
Q

When used properly ___ rotation assists in the localization of the hip and pelvis centering points and avoids __ of the femoral neck during radiography

A

Medial, foreshortening

46
Q

The greater trochanter is most prominent __ and more easily palpated when the lower leg is __ rotated

A
  • Laterally
  • Medially
47
Q

The __ can be localized by palpitation of the lateral surface of the hip region because it lies in the same horizontal plane as the ___

A

Pubic symphysis
Greater trochanters

48
Q

The hip joint can be localized by palpating the ___ and the ___ to ascertain the ___ of the pubic symphysis.

A
  • ASIS
  • greater trochanter
  • superior margin
49
Q

The midpoint of an imaginary line connecting the ASIS to the pubic symphysis is directly above the center of the dome of the _

A

Acetabular Cavity

50
Q

An imaginary line drawn at a _ from the first line lies _ to the long axis of the femoral neck

A
  • Right angle to midpoint
  • Parallel
51
Q

The femoral head lies __ distal and the femoral neck is __ to this midpoint

A

1.5 inches
2.5 inches

52
Q

For an AP projection of the pelvis, place patient ___ on the table

A

Supine

53
Q

For an AP projection of the pelvis, An IR size of _ crosswise is used

A

14 x 17 Crosswise

54
Q

For an AP projection of the pelvis, Center the ___ plane to the midline of the grid, and medially rotate the feet and lower limbs ___ degrees to place the femoral necks ___ to the IR

A
  • MSP
  • 15-20 degrees
  • Parallel
55
Q

For an AP projection of the pelvis, The heels are placed _ apart for the AP pelvis projection

A

8-10 inches

56
Q

For an AP projection of the pelvis, Check for __ distance on each side to ensure no rotation of the pelvis

A

Equal

57
Q

For an AP projection of the pelvis, The upper border of the IR should be __ above the iliac crests

A

1 and a half inches

58
Q

For an AP projection of the pelvis, The central ray is __ to the IR entering 2” inferior to the __ and 2’ superior to the __

A
  • Perpendicular
  • ASIS
  • Pubic Symphysis
59
Q

AP Pelvis projection, Adjust the radiation field to ___ on the collimator. For smaller patients collimate ___ beyond the skin shadow on the sides

A

-14x17 Crosswise
-1 inch

60
Q

AP Pelvis Projection, What structures are shown?

(Pg. 395)

A

An AP projection of the pelvis and of the head, neck, trochanters, and proximal one-third or one-forth of the shaft of the femur

61
Q

Evaluation Criteria for an AP Pelvis Projection:

(Pg. 395)

A

-entire pelvis and proximal femur
-both ilia and greater trochanters equally distance from the edge of the radiograph
-lower vertebrae column centered to the middle of the radiograph

No rotation of pelvis
- ischial spines equally seen
- Sacrum and coccyx aligned with the pubic symphysis

Proper rotation of proximal femurs
- femoral necks in their full extent without superimposition
- greater trochanters in profile
- lesser trochanters, if seen, visible on the medial boarder of proximal femur

62
Q

An AP oblique projection of the femoral necks is called the ___ method; commonly called the bilateral __ position.
This method is contraindicated if __ is suspected

A
  • Modified Cleaves
  • Frog-leg
  • Fracture of pathology
63
Q

An AP oblique projection of the pelvis, The patient is placed __ on the table. Center the __ to the midline of the grid and adjust the patient so there is _ of the pelvis

A
  • Supine
  • MSP
  • No rotation
64
Q

(AP Oblique, Modified Cleaves, Frog-Leg)

For a bilateral projection equally __ the thighs as much as possible and turn the patients feet inward to place the __ against each other.
The thighs should be approximately ___ from the vertical plane if possible.
Center the feet to the ___ of the grid.
Center the IR 1 inch superior to the __

A
  • Abduct
  • Soles of the foot
  • 25-45 degrees depending on how vertical the femur can be placed
  • Midline
  • Pubic Symphysis
65
Q

The CR for the bilateral projection is perpendicular to the __ plane and ___ to the pubic symphysis.
For the unilateral projection, the central ray is perpendicular to the ____ .

A
  • MSP and 1 inch superior
  • Femoral neck
65
Q

For a unilateral projection, center the ASIS of the __ to the midline of the grid.
Flex the ___ & ___ and draw the foot up to the ___ as much as possible; abduct the thigh approximately ___ laterally. The pelvis may slightly rotate.

A
  • Affected Side
  • Hip and Knee
  • Opposite Knee
  • 45 degrees
66
Q

For the bilateral projection adjust the radiation field to __ and collimate __ beyond the skin shadow on the sides. For the unilateral projection, adjust the radiation field to __ beyond the skin shadow on the sides.

A

14 x 17 Crosswise
1 inch
1 inch

67
Q

For a bilateral image, AP Oblique
Structures Shown Include:
(Pg. 399)

A

Femoral heads, neck and trochanteric areas onto one radiograph for comparison.

68
Q

AP Oblique (Modified Cleaves, bilateral frog-leg)
Evaluation Criteria:
(Pg. 399)

A

-no rotation of the pelvis, as demonstrated by a symmetric appearance
-acetabulum, femoral head and femoral neck
-Lesser trochanter on the medial side of the femur
-femoral neck without superimposition by the greater trochanter; excess abduction causes the greater trochanter to obstruct the neck
-femoral axes and extended from the hip bones at equal angles

69
Q

For an AP projection of the hip, an IR size of __ is used

A

10 x 12 lengthwise

70
Q

For an AP projection of the hip, Place the patient __ on the table and adjust the pelvis so that it is __.
This is done by making sure the ASIS-to-tabletop distance is ____ .

A
  • Supine
  • Not rotated
  • Equidistant from table
71
Q

For an AP Projection of the hip, Medially rotate the lower limb and foot approximately _ to place the femoral neck _ to the IR

A
  • 15-20 degrees
  • Parallel
72
Q

For an AP Projection of the hip, The CR is perpendicular to the __.
This is done by using the localization tech in which the CR is placed approximately __ to a line drawn perpendicular to the midpoint of a line between the ASIS and the _

A
  • Femoral neck
  • 2.5 inches distal
  • pubic symphysis
73
Q

For an AP Projection of the hip, Center the IR to the central ray and adjust the radiation field to __

A

10 x 12 lengthwise

74
Q

Structures Shown for an AP Projection of the Hip include:
(pg. 403)

Do you need to include the iliac crest on an AP projection of the hip?

A

The head, neck, trochanters, and proximal one-third of the femur body.

  • No!
75
Q

Evaluation criteria for AP Projection of the Hip:

(Pg. 403)

A

-regions of the ilium and pubic bones adjoining the pubic synthesis
-proximal 1/3 of the femur
-Femoral head, penetrated and seen through the acetabulum
-Entire long axis of the femoral neck, not for shortened
-greater trochanter in profile
-lesser trochanter usually not projected beyond the medial border of the femur or only a very small amount of the trochanter visible

76
Q

For a lateral projection (Lauenstein and Hickey) of the hip, an IR size of ___ is used

A

10 x 12 crosswise

77
Q

For a lateral projection of the hip, Place the patient in the _ position and rotate slightly _ to an oblique position. The degree of obliquity depends on how much the patient can _

A
  • Supine
  • Towards the affected side
  • Abduct the leg
78
Q

For the Lauenstein method, the CR is __ through the hip joint and enters midway between the ___

A
  • Perpendicular
  • ASIS and pubic symphysis
78
Q

For a lateral projection of the hip, Center the __ hip to the midline of the grid, __ the affected knee and draw the thigh up to almost a __ to the hip bone.
Keep the body of the affected femur __ to the table.

A

-affected
-flex
-right angle
-parallel

79
Q

For the Lowenstein method, Adjust the radiation field to _ inches

A

10 x 12 crosswise

80
Q

Structures shown for the Lowenstein Method:

pg. 404

A

A lateral projection of the hip, including the acetabulum, the proximal end of the femur and the relationship of the femoral head to the acetabulum

81
Q

Evaluation Criteria for Lateral Projection of the Hip

pg. 404

A

-hip joint center to the radiograph
-Hip joint, acetabulum, and femoral head
-Femoral neck overlapped by the greater trochanter in the Lauenstein method
-with the cephalic angulation in the hickey method, the femoral neck, free of superimposition

82
Q

The Axiolateral hip, Danelius-miller method, is often called the __ or ___ projection. This is performed with the patient in the __ position

A
  • Cross table or Surgical-lateral
  • Supine
83
Q

The Axiolateral hip; Danelius-miller method, When examining a patient who is thin or lying on a soft bed, __ the pelvis on a firm pillow or folded sheets to center the __ to the midline of the IR.

A
  • Elevate
  • most prominent point of the greater Trochanter
84
Q

The Axiolateral hip, Danelius-miller method
Flex the __ and ___ of the unaffected side to elevate the thigh in a ___ position.

A
  • knee and hip
  • vertical
85
Q

Rest the IR _ with the upper border _ above the _

A

Vertical, in soft tissue, iliac crest

86
Q

For the Axiolateral hip, Danelius-miller method
Unless contraindicated, rotate the affected limb ___ medially

A

15-20 degrees

87
Q

The Axiolateral hip, Danelius-miller method, Place the IR _ with the upper border __ above the __

A
  • vertical
  • in soft tissue
  • iliac crest
88
Q

For the Axiolateral hip, Danelius-miller method
Angle the IR __ until it is exactly __ with the long axis of the femoral neck.
Support the IR in this position with __

A
  • Away from body
  • parallel
  • sandbags or IR holder, alternately the patient can support the IR with a hand
89
Q

The Axiolateral hip, Danelius-miller method.
The CR is __ to the long axis of the ___
Adjust the radiation field to __

A

Perpendicular
femoral neck
10 x 12 lengthwise

90
Q

Axiolateral Projection; Danelius-Miller Method
Structures shown include:

A

The acetabulum, head, neck, and trochanters of the femur

(Pg. 407)

91
Q

Evaluation criteria for the Axiolateral Projection; Danelius-Miller Method

A
  • hip joint with the acetabulum
  • femoral neck without overlap from the greater trochanter
  • small amount of the lesser trochanter on the posterior surface of the femur
  • small amount of the greater trochanter on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the proximal femur when the femur is properly inverted
  • ischial tuberosity below the femoral head and neck

407

92
Q

When performing the AP pelvis projection, where do you center the IR?

A

2 inches inferior to the ASIS and 2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis

93
Q

If the lesser trochanter is visible in the medial portion of the radiograph, what does that mean?

A

The patient’s feet weren’t rolled enough medially

94
Q

The cross-table hip can also be called what?

A

Danelius-miller method, Cross-table or Surgical-lateral projection

95
Q

Do you need the top of the iliac crest on an AP Oblique Projection?
(Modified Cleaves, Bilateral Frog-leg)

A

No!

96
Q

What is the central ray for a lateral hip projection using the Lauenstein Method?

A

Perpendicular through the hip joint, which is located midway between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis for the Lauenstein method

97
Q

What is the central ray for a lateral hip projection using the Hickey Method?

A

Perpendicular through the hip joint, which is located midway between the ASIS and pubic symphysis, at a cephalic angle of 20 to 25 degrees and an additional 1 inch more inferior for the Hickey Method!

98
Q

AP Hip centering:

A

Central is perpendicular to the femoral neck
- 10 length wise 12 crosswise
- medially rotate lower limb and feet approximately 15-20 degrees to place femoral neck parallel with the IR

99
Q

Modified Cleaves Projection
(AP Oblique, frog-leg)

A
100
Q

What is the Lauenstein and Hickey methods used to show?

A

To show the hip joint and the relationship of the femoral head to the acetabulum.

This position is similar to the modified cleaves.

101
Q

AP Oblique Projection, can also be called?

A

Modified Cleaves and often called bilateral frog-leg

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