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Micro > Ch. 8 Microbial Genetics > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Microbial Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an organism

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2
Q

phenotype

A

expression of the genes

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3
Q

Short tandem repeats (STRs)

A

repeating sequences of noncoding DNA

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4
Q

Vertical gene transfer

A

flow of genetic information from one generation to the next

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5
Q

DNA replication

A
  • Topoisomerase and gyrase relax the strands
  • Helicase separates the strands
  • A replication fork is created
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6
Q

DNA polymerase

A

adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand

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7
Q

Energy needs

A

– Energy for replication is supplied by nucleotides
– Hydrolysis of two phosphate groups on ATP
provides energy

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8
Q

Risbosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

integral part of ribosomes

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9
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

transports amino acids during protein synthesis

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10
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

carries coded information from DNA to ribosomes

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11
Q

transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to the

A

promoter sequence on DNA

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12
Q

transcription stops when it reaches the

A

terminator sequence on DNA

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13
Q

Codons

A

groups of three mRNA nucleotides that code for a particular amino acid

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14
Q

61 sense codons

A

encode the amino acids

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15
Q

degeneracy

A

each amino acid is coded by sever codons

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16
Q

Start Codon

A

AUG

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17
Q

Stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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18
Q

tRNA molecules also have an

A

anticodon that base-pairs with the codon

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19
Q

exons

A

regions on DNA that code for proteins

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20
Q

introns

A

regions of DNA that do not code for proteins

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21
Q

small nuclear ribonucleoprotiens (snRNPs)

A

remove introns and splice exons together

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22
Q

repression

A

inhibits gene expression and decreases enzyme synthesis
-mediated by repressors, proteins that block transcription

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23
Q

Induction

A

inhibits gene expression and decreases enzyme synthesis
- initiated by an inducer

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24
Q

Promoter

A

segment of DNA where RNA polymerase initiates transcription of structural genes

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25
Q

Operator

A

segment of DNA that controls transcription of structural genes

26
Q

Operon

A

set of operator and promoter sites and the structural genes they control

27
Q

inducible operon

A

structural genes are not transcribes unless an inducer is present

28
Q

repressible operons

A

structural genes are transcribes until they are turned off

29
Q

corepressor

A

represses the expression of genes

30
Q

catabolite repression

A

inhibits cells from using carbons sources other than glucose

31
Q

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

builds up in a cell when glucose is not available

32
Q

riboswitch

A

part of an mRNA molecule that binds to a substrate and changes the mRNA structure

33
Q

microRNAs (miRNAs)

A

base pair with mRNA to make it double-stranded

34
Q

mutation

A

a permanent change in the base sequence of DNA

35
Q

Mutagens

A

agents that cause mutations

36
Q

Spontaneous mutations

A

occur in the absence of a mutagen

37
Q

base substitution (point mutation)

A

change in one base in DNA

38
Q

missense mutation

A

base substitution results in change in an amino acid

39
Q

nonsense mutation

A

base substitution results in a nonsense (stop) codon

40
Q

frameshift mutations

A

-insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs
-shifts the translational “reading frame”

41
Q

Nitrous acid

A

causes adenine to bind with cytosine instead of thymine

42
Q

nucleoside analog

A

incorporates into DNA in place of a normal base; causes mistakes in base pairing

43
Q

photolyases

A

separate thymine dimers

44
Q

nucleotide excision repair

A

enzymes cut out incorrect bases and fill in correct bases

45
Q

Spontaneous mutation rate

A

1 in 10^9 replicated base pairs or 1 in 10^6 replicated genes

46
Q

mutagens increase the mutation rate to

A

per 10^-5 or 10^-3 replicated gene

47
Q

positive (direct) selection

A

detects mutant cells because they grow or appear different than unmutated cells

48
Q

negative (indirect) selection

A

detects mutant cells that cannot grow or perform a certain function

49
Q

auxtotroph

A

mutant that has a nutritional requirement absent in the parent
- use of replica plating

50
Q

Ames test

A

exposes mutant bacteria to mutagenic substances to measure the rate of reversal of the mutation

51
Q

Genetic recombination

A

exchange of genes between two DNA molecules; creates genetic diversity

52
Q

Crossing over

A

two chromosomes break and rejoin, resulting in the insertion of foreign DNA into the chromosomes

53
Q

Vertical gene transfer

A

transfer of genes from an organism to its offspring

54
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

transfer of genes between cells of the same generation

55
Q

moblie genetic elements

A

move from one chromosome to another or from one cell to another

56
Q

plasmids

A

self-replicating circular pieces of DNA

57
Q

Conjugative plasmid

A

carries genes for sez pili and transfer of the plasmids

58
Q

dissimilation plasmids

A

encode enzymes for the catabolism of unusual compounds

59
Q

resistance factors (R factors)

A

encode antibiotic resistance

Micro (8 decks)

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