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Micro > Ch 2. Chemical Principles > Flashcards

Ch 2. Chemical Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Chemistry

A

the study of interactions between atoms and molecules

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2
Q

Atom

A

the smallest unit of matter and cannot be subdivides into smaller substances

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3
Q

atoms interact to form

A

molecules

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4
Q

electrons

A

negatively charged particles

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5
Q

protons

A

positively charged particles

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6
Q

neutrons

A

uncharged particles

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7
Q

Chemical element

A

atoms with the same number of protons

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8
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons in the nucleus

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9
Q

Atomic mass

A

total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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10
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms with different numbers of neutrons

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11
Q

Electron shells

A

electron arrangement corresponding to diff. energy levels

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12
Q

Valence

A

number of missing or extra electrons in the outermost shell

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13
Q

Chemical bonds

A

valence electrons holding molecules together

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14
Q

a compound

A

a molecule that contains two or more kinds of atoms (H2O)

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15
Q

Ionic Bonds when…

A

protons and electrons are equal

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16
Q

Ions

A

charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons

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17
Q

Cations

A

atoms that lose electrons and become positively charged ions

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18
Q

Anions

A

atoms that gain electrons and become neg, charged

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19
Q

Ionic bonds

A

attractions between ions of opposite charge

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20
Q

Covalent bonds

A

form when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

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21
Q

covalent bonds are…

A

stronger and ore common in organisms than ionic bonds

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22
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N atom is attracted to another N or O atom in another molecule

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23
Q

Molecular mass

A

sum of the atomic masses in a molecule

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24
Q

One MOLE of a substance

A

is its molecular mass in grams

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25
Q

Dalton (da)

A

unit of molecular mass

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26
Q

Chemical rxns

A

involve the making or breaking of bonds between atoms

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27
Q

a change in Chemical energy occurs

A

during a chemical rxn

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28
Q

Endergonic

A

reactions absorb energyE

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29
Q

Exergonic

A

reactions release energy

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30
Q

Synthesis reactions

A

occurs when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, larger molecules

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31
Q

Anabolism

A

the synthesis of molecules in a cell

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32
Q

Decomposition Reactions

A

occur when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atomsC

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33
Q

Catabolism

A

decomposition reaction sin a cell

34
Q

exchange reactions

A

part synthesis and decomposition

35
Q

Reversibility of Chemical Reactions

A
  • can readily go in either direction
  • each direction may need special conditions
36
Q

Organic Compounds

A

always contain carbon and hydrogen; typically structurally complex

37
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

typically lack carbon; usually small and structurally simple

38
Q

Dissociations

A

seperation

39
Q

Acids

A

substances that dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more neg ions

40
Q

bases

A

substances that dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more pos ions

41
Q

salts

A

Substances that dissociate into cations and anions,
neither of which is orH+OH−

42
Q

conc of H+ is a solution is expressed

A

as pH

43
Q

pH =

A

-log(10)[H+]

44
Q

increasing [H+]

A

increases acidity

45
Q

increasing [OH-]

A

increases alkalinity

46
Q

pH 6.5 and 8.5

A

most organisms grow best

47
Q

Carbon skeleton

A

chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule

48
Q

functional groups

A

bond to carbon skeletons and are responsible for most of the chemical properties of a particular organic compound

49
Q

Macromolecules

A

polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules

50
Q

monomers

A

small repeating molecules

51
Q

monomers join by

A

dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions

52
Q

isomers

A

molecules with same chemical formula, but different structures

53
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple sugars with three to seven carbon atoms

54
Q

Disaccharides

A

formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis

55
Q

disaccharides can be broken down by

A

hydrolysis

56
Q

Polysaccharides

A

consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis

57
Q

Lipids

A
  • Primary components of cell membranes
  • Consist of C, H, and O
  • Are nonpolar and insoluble in water
58
Q

Simple lipids

A

Fats or triglycerides
* contains glycerol and fatty acids; formed by dehydration synthesis

59
Q

Saturated fat

A

no double bonds in fatty acids

60
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

one or more DB in the fatty acids

61
Q

Cis

A

H atoms on the same side of the DB

62
Q

Trans

A

H atoms on opposite sides of the DB

63
Q

Complex Lipids

A
  • Contain C, H, and O + P, N, and/or S
  • Cell membranes are made of complex lipids called
    phospholipids
    – Glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group
  • Phospholipids have polar as well as nonpolar regions
64
Q

Steroids

A
  • Four carbon rings with an group attached to one
    ring
  • Part of membranes that keep the membranes fluidOH−
65
Q

Proteins

A
  • Made of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
  • Essential in cell structure and function
    – Enzymes that speed up chemical reactions
    – Transporter proteins that move chemicals across
    membranes
    – Flagella that aid in movement
    – Some bacterial toxins and cell structures
66
Q

Amino Acids

A

Amino acids contain an alpha-carbon that has an
attached:
– Carboxyl group (-COOH)
– Amino group (NH2)
– Side group

67
Q

proteins consist of subunits called

A

amino acids

68
Q

Stereoisomers

A

D or L
L most often found in nature

69
Q

peptide bonds

A

between amino acids are formed by dehydration synthesis

70
Q

Secondary structure

A

occurs when the amino acid chain folds and coils in a helicopter or pleated sheet

71
Q

Tertiary structure

A

occurs when the helix or sheet folds irregular, forming disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds btwn amino acids in the chain

72
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

consist of two or more polypeptides

73
Q

Denaturation

A

occurs when proteins encounter hostile
environments such as temperature and pH, and
therefore lose their shapes and functions

74
Q

Conjugated proteins consist of amino acids and other organic molecules

A

*Glycoproteins
*Nucleoproteins
*Lipoproteins

75
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

consist of nucleotides

76
Q

Nucleotides consist of

A
  • A five-carbon (pentose) sugar
  • Phosphate group
  • Nitrogen-containing (purine or Pyrimidine) base
77
Q

Nucleosides consist of

A
  • Pentose
  • Nitrogen-containing base
78
Q

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

– Contains deoxyribose
– Exists as a double helix
– Adenine hydrogen bonds with Thymine
– Cytosine hydrogen bonds with Guanine
* Order of the nitrogen-containing bases forms the
genetic instructions of the organism

79
Q

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

A

– Contains ribose
– Is single-stranded
– Adenine hydrogen bonds with Uracil
– Cytosine hydrogen bonds with Guanine
* Several kinds of RNA play a specific role in protein
synthesis

80
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

made of ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups

81
Q

ATP Stores ….

A

the chemical energy release by some chemical reactions

82
Q

ATP Releases…

A

phosphate groups by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy for the cell

Micro (8 decks)

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